An essay about the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on

An about the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror - Essay Example Signing into law of the Magna Carta was occurred in 1215 by King John. It gained significant political and legal prominence during the preceding centuries. During the early 12th century, King John of England was hugely unpopular in his country and was at constant conflict with some wealthy oil barons. The archbishop of Canterbury, in an effort to protect the rights of the church and make the king and the barons be at peace, conceived the Magna Carta. Magna Carta turned out as the Great Charter of the Liberties. The Charter promised the protection of the church’s rights from interference either by the king or the rebel barons. It also promised the barons protection from unfair or illegal imprisonment and limitations to the feudal payments to the crown. A council of 25 barons were necessary for the implementation of the feudal payments (Davis, 2010). King Edward in 1297 later issued this charter in a bid to raise taxes for his indebted monarchial government and to win political support. Edward institutionalized it as part of the Statute Law hence Giving birth to the genesis of the Habeas Corpus. In the early 16th century, a prominent lawyer who was also a politician; Sir Edward Coke advocated for common law to override the authority of the king. In addition, the advocacy was for the establishment of a civilian power and extension of the civil liberties of the freemen (Halliday, 2010). Coke was instrumental in the drafting of the petition of right. This petition later formed the basis for the English constitution and allowed for specific liberties. Aside from limiting the king from invoking martial law during the times of peace, the petition of right also permitted prisoners to give their views in the circumstances where their detention was questionable. Habeas corpus in England originated among the powerful ruling elites whose intention was to put limitations on the powers of the monarchy.

The effect of mohammed ali on Arabic culture in Egypt i mean how Dissertation

The effect of mohammed ali on Arabic culture in Egypt i mean how mohammed ali make modern egypt education scholarships , - Dissertation Example Research Methodology Why Muhammad Ali? As Viceroy (alternately Wali, Khedive or Pasha) of Egypt 125 years earlier had a revolutionary impact on Egyptian society, politics and culture. He also established a dynasty in 1805 that would last for almost 150 years: A dynasty that would only end with the Egyptian revolution and establishment of a Republic in 1953. (Dodwell, 1977, passim.) The following discussion will focus on the first Muhammad Ali and his impact on Egypt and Egyptian development. Initially, a brief biography of the Viceroy will be presented. The body of the discussion will focus on his reforms to various aspects of Egyptian life such as the army, academia and administration. The concluding section of this discussion will assess the impact of these changes and their importance. Biography Muhammad Ali was born in 1769, in the Ottoman province of Kavala, which was located in present-day Greece. According to Encyclop?dia Britannica online his â€Å"ethnic background is unkno wn, though he may have been an Albanian and was certainly a Muslim and an Ottoman subject.†(n. d.) Historian Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid Marsot, argues that even his birthday is unknown and suggests that 1770 was his actual date of birth. He also argues that Muhammad Ali was not Albanian but Kurdish. (1984, pp 24-25) His father was a military leader for the governor of Kavala. Muhammad Ali sustained a rumour that his father died when he was very young and thenceforward the young man was raised by the governor.(Encyclop?dia Britannica online, n. d.) Again, Marsot disputes this tale and asserts that his father did not die until Muhammad Ali was a married man of 20. (1984, p. 25) Details are sketchy but he followed in his father's footsteps in the military while also dabbling in trading and in 1787 he married his first wife, a relative of the governor. (Encyclop?dia Britannica online, n. d.) The various versions of Muhammad Ali's early life are complex and contradictory. However, this p roposal and the subsequent dissertation will focus on his life after 1801 and his impact on Egyptian politics, culture and society. Therefore, these specific historical questions do not have a major impact on this discussion. However, these disputes do clearly establish that the historical record of Muhammad Ali (as it is present in both primary and secondary sources) must be closely assessed for veracity and accuracy. What is clear and undisputed is military experience and connections to the government led to his being dispatched in 1801 as an officer in a force of Albanians sent to Egypt by the Sultan to drive out the French, who had invaded the Ottoman province three years earlier. He was to succeed in a manner that far exceeded the Sultan's expectations or desire. Napolean and Muhammad Ali The French invasion of Egypt in 1798 by Napoleon Bonaparte's Army of Italy had numerous motivations. Personally and politically, his eye on control of all of France, Napoleon hoped to enhance his popularity and prestige. Further, he was accompanied by an army of scholars who were assigned to explore and document Egypt's natural and ancient history. The French were also exploring the possibility of constructing a 'Suez' canal to facilitate destruction of Great Britain's hold over India (Harten, 2003). Eventually, the British defeated the French in Egypt, but themselves evacuated in 1803 once the Napoleonic threat was eliminated. Muhammad Ali remained and and a

Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)

Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Spectral analysis, thermal behavior, XRD and morphology study in synthesis of carbon nanotubes decorated by Cysteamine Or A simple and efficient procedure for synthesis of Thiolic Composite with use Oxide Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube Or A simple and efficient procedure for synthesis of composite thiol with use oxide multi walled carbon nanotube and sulfur Or Behnam Maazinejad, Hamidreza Sadegh, Imran Ali, Ramin Shahryari Ghoshekandi, Vahid Ali Abstract In this paper, the effects of multi-Walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were studied as supports for the synthesis of MWCNT-COOH-Cysteamine nanocomposite. At first Purification MWCNT in H2SO4 and HNO3, solved and the solution earned ultrasound was to attain the equilibrium temperature to functionalization of carboxylate multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH). Then using Cysteamine hydrochloride and NHS and DMF and EDC and MWCNT-COOH the mixture was refluxing. The prepared on thiol derivatized nanocomposite were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning electron microscope, FTIR spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Keywords MWCNTs, Carbon nanotubes, Functionalization, Cysteamine, Surface modification, Nanocomposite, Thiol, CNT 1. Introduction Nanotechnology is significantly impressive Science and Economy in the 21st century [1]. Carbon, in different forms, has been long used as the main constituent material of solid electrodes as a further too metal electrodes [2]. After the first Iijima elucidation of their structures in 1991 [3], carbon nanotubes have attracted considerable interdisciplinary interest [4]. Carbon nanotubes are promising additives for thermoplastics, due to their superior mechanical, thermal, magnetic and electrical properties [5]. To optimize the potential applications of carbon nanotubes, it is essential to modify the carbon nanotubes with functional groups and/or nanoparticles in order to integrate the carbon nanotubes into desired structures or attach suitable nanostructures to them [6]. Carbon nanotubes possess high flexibility, large aspect ratios (Normally >1000), unique internal structures, electrical conductivity, high chemical activity, low mass density, high electro active surface area, thermal stability and great mechanical strength [7]. CNTs have extraordinary electrical conductivity and heat conductivity and mechanical properties, they are probably the top electron field-emitter possible, and their material properties can accordingly approach closely the very high levels intrinsic to them [8]. Hence, CNT’s have received considerable attention for usage in chemistry and environmental remediation [9]. CNTs represent an exquisite class of nanomaterials that stepped into the nanomedicine arena not more than a decade behind [10]. The two main types of carbon nanotubes are the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), yet there are some other rare types such as fullerite, torus, and nanoknot [11]. Surface functional groups can modify the surface charge, functionality and reactivity of the surface, and increase the stability, and dispensability of Different materials [12-13]. Organic sulfur compounds are wide-spreading in numerous natural products and widely used as multiple artificial chemicals [14]. The structure and surface chemistry of organic thin films is a research region related to several interfacial processes, including biological events, lubrication, adhesion, wettability, corrosion, electrochemistry, and microelectronic fabrication. To acquire the optimum performance of a material or device in one of these applications, the organic thin film must be prepared with the right type, concentration, and arrangement of functional handle. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes is found to be an efficient way of modification processes which in public is divided in two main categories: noncovalent and covalent. Covalent functionalization is an irretrievable process of appendag e on the nanotube walls or tips it is based on the formation of a covalent coupling between functional entities and the carbon skeleton of nanotubes. Non-covalent functionalization is based on supramolecular complexation using different adsorption forces, such as van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic force and Ï€-Ï€ stacking interactions. [57.15-55-56]. Thiols are the maximum reactive nucleophilic reagents among altogether the biological models investigated [16]. Thiol group is an alright ligand because of its strong affinity to various heavy metal ions as a result of Lewis acid–base interactions [17]. To various heavy metal ions as a result of Lewis acid–base interactions [3]. Thiol Derivatives paper Cysteamine an aminothiol, is used to decrease tissue cystine content in patients with nephropathic cystinosis, an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder in which intracellular cystine accumulates due to impaired redeploy out of lysosomes [18]. Cysteamine is a sulfhydryl containing compound which appears to arise from the decarboxylation of cysteine or the breakdown of pantetheine [19]. Scheme 1. Is a schematic Cysteamine. [20] Scheme 1. Cysteamine Table 2: Structure and characteristics of Cysteamine [21] Cysteamine () is one of the simplest molecules able to bond with the each atoms surface through its sulfur and nitrogen atoms and a prerequisite for the design of compact monolayers with acceptable properties is a fundamental understanding of the forces captive in the self-assembly process, and the characterization of the film at the molecular level [22]. Cysteamine as drug applications that have been noted in the table 3 below: Table 3 In this study, we functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with carboxyl group and thiol-derivatized via condensation reaction between carboxylated-MWCNT powders and Cysteamine. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM and TGA were used to characterize the presence of Cysteamine on the MWCNT-COOH surface. 2. Experimental Procedures 2.1. Materials Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with Purity 95 %, outer diameter and length and manufacturing method catalytic chemical vapor deposition were purchased from US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. Sulfuric acid (97 %, AR grade) and nitric acid (37%, AR grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF:98%), 1-ethyl-(3-3’-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC: 97%), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS: 99%) were purchased from Merck Millipore and Cysteamine hydrochloride (99%) were purchased from sigma Aldrich and used as received unless otherwise stated. 2.2 Characterization methods 2.2.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) X-ray diffraction studies were carried out with an X-ray diffractometer (Model No. D8-Advance, Bruker AXS). 2.1.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) The functional groups on the MWCNTs surface were determined using Fourier transform infrared FTIR method (VERTEX 70, Brucker). FTIR spectrum of MWCNTS was recorded in the range of 4000– 400 using pellets method. 2.2.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The morphologies and sizes of the nano-structures were characterized by transmission electron microscope â€Å"TEM† (PHILIPS EM 208). 2.2.4 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out using a TG Labsys DSC, Setaram. 2.2.5 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) The size and morphology of MWCNTs was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (VEGA3, TESCAN). 2.3 Synthesis method At first [1] (1g) was treated with 20% hydrochloric acid for 120 min sonication, to remove impurities such as residual catalysts and amorphous carbons in the phase of synthesis , Then the sample was filtered with Millipore membrane filter 0.22 and washed many successive times with distilled water. 2.3.1 Oxidation of MWCNTs Multi-walled carbon nanotubes was synthesized by a formerly reported method [52-53]. 0.75 g of pristine MWCNTs was added to 180ml mixture of concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 (1:3, v/v) and then ultrasonicated for a course of 140 min. then mixture was transferred to a flask equipped with a condenser and was refluxed with drastic shocking at 75 for 6 h. After cooling to Ambient temperature the mixture was filtered with filters paper and filtrated solid was washed thoroughly by deionized water until the filtrate pH was close to neutral. The filter sample was then dried in a vacuum oven at 80 oC for 120 min. The sample was abbreviated as MWCNT-COOH. 2.3.2 [1] Pavani, K. V., Gayathramma, K., Banerjee, A., Suresh, S. (2013). Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extracts of Ipomoea i ndica Flowers. American Journal of Nanomaterials, 1(1), 5-8. [2] Garcà ­a-Gonzà ¡lez, R., Fernà ¡ndez-La Villa, A., Costa-Garcà ­a, A., Fernà ¡ndez-Abedul, M. T. (2013). Dispersion studies of carboxyl, amine and thiol-functionalized carbon nanotubes for improving the electrochemical behavior of screen printed electrodes. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 181, 353-360. [3] Sanagi, M. M., Hussain, I., Ibrahim, W. A. W., Yahaya, N., Kamaruzaman, S., Abidin, N. N. Z., Ali, I. (2014). Micro extraction of Xenobiotics and Biomolecules from Different Matrices on Nano Structures. Separation Purification Reviews, (just-accepted). [4] Sadegh, H., Shahryari-Ghoshekandi, R., Kazemi, M. (2014). Study in synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes decorated by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. International Nano Letters, 4(4), 129-135. [5] Mahmoodi, M., Arjmand, M., Sundararaj, U., Park, S. (2012). The electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding of injection molded multi-walled carbon nanotube/polystyrene composites. Carbon, 50(4), 1455-1464. [6] Zhang, Q., Zhu, M., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Wang, H. (2009). The formation of magnetite nanoparticles on the sidewalls of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Composites Science and Technology, 69(5), 633-638. [7] Mahmoodian, H., Moradi, O., Shariatzadeh, B. (2014). Grafting chitosan and polyHEMA on carbon nanotubes surfaces: â€Å"Grafting to† and â€Å"Grafting from† methods. International journal of biological macromolecules, 63, 92-97. [8] Moradi, O., Sadegh, H., Shahryari-Ghoshekandi, R., Norouzi, M. (2014). Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Nanomedicine: New Medical Approach for Tomorrow. Handbook of Research on Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in Biomedicine, Chemistry, and Engineering, 90. [9] Bahrami, K., Khodaei, M. M., Soheilizad, M. (2009). Direct conversion of thiols to sulfonyl chlorides and sulfonamides. The Journal of organic chemistry, 74(24), 9287-9291. [10] Jain, S., Thakare, V. S., Das, M., Godugu, C., Jain, A. K., Mathur, R., Mishra, A. K. (2011). Toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with end defects critically depends on their functionalization density. Chemical research in toxicology, 24(11), 2028-2039. [11] Aqel, A., El-Nour, K. M., Ammar, R. A., Al-Warthan, A. (2012). Carbon nanotubes, science and technology part (I) structure, synthesis and characterisation. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 5(1), 1-23. [12] Wang, Y., Iqbal, Z., Mitra, S. (2006). Rapidly functionalized, water-dispersed carbon nanotubes at high concentration. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(1), 95-99. [13] Saleh, T. A., Gupta, V. K. (2013). Covalent and Nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes.Advanced Carbon Materials and Technology, 317-330. [14] VukoviĆ¡, G. D., MarinkoviĆ¡, A. D., ÄŒoliĆ¡, M., RistiĆ¡, M. Ä ., AleksiĆ¡, R., PeriĆ¡-GrujiĆ¡, A. A., UskokoviĆ¡, P. S. (2010). Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by oxidized and ethylenediamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 157(1), 238-248. [15] Castner, D. G., Hinds, K., Grainger, D. W. (1996). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy sulfur 2p study of organic thiol and disulfide binding interactions with gold surfaces. Langmuir, 12(21), 5083-5086. [16] Holmgren, A., Sengupta, R. (2010). The use of thiols by ribonucleotide reductase. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 49(11), 1617-1628. [17] Vieira, E. S., Simoni, J. A. (1997). Interaction of cations with SH-modified silica gel: thermochemical study through calorimetric titration and direct extent of reaction determination. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 7(11), 2249-2252. [18] Gahl, W. A. (2003). Early oral Cysteamine therapy for nephropathic cystinosis. European journal of pediatrics, 162(1), S38-S41. [19] Kuņºmierek, K., Bald, E. (2008). Measurement of reduced and total Mercaptamine in urine using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Biomedical Chromatography, 22(4), 441-445. [20] Reid, E. Emmet (1958). Organic Chemistry of Bivalent Sulfur 1. New York: Chemical Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 398–399. [21] Lukashin, B. P., Grebeniuk, A. N. (2000). [Comparative study of the radiation-protective effectiveness of low doses of cysteamine, heparin, and naphtizine in experiments on mice]. Radiatsionnaia biologiia, radioecologiia / Rossiiskaia akademiia nauk, 41(3), 310-312. [22] Bloxham, S., Eicherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Lorka, O., JakubÄ-nas, R., Niaura, G. (2003). Adsorption of Cysteamine at Copper Electrodes as Studied by Surfaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Spectroscopy letters, 36(3), 211-226. [23] Dayalu, P., Albin, R. L. (2015). Huntington Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Neurologic clinics, 33(1), 101-114. [24] Kurlan, R., Evans, R., Wrigley, S., McPartland, S., Bustami, R., Cotter, A. (2015). Tai Chi in Parkinson’s disease: A Preliminary Randomized, Controlled, and Rater-Blinded Study. Advances in Parkinsons disease, 4(01), 9. [25] Than, N. N., Newsome, P. N. (2015). A concise review of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Atherosclerosis. 239(1), 192–202. [26] Bordon, Y. (2015). Microbiota: Gut bacteria cross malaria. Nature Reviews Immunology, 15(1), 1-1. [27] Brawer, J.R. et al. (1994) the origin and composition of peroxidase-positive granules in cysteamine-treated astrocytes in culture. Brain Res. 633, 9–20. [52] Wu, T. M., Lin, Y. W. (2006). Doped polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites: Preparation, characterization and properties. Polymer, 47(10), 3576-3582. [53] Xu, J., Yao, P., Li, X., He, F. (2008). Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble and conducting sulfonated polyaniline/ para-phenylenediamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes nano-composite. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 151(3), 210-219. [55] Ansari, R., Ajori, S., Rouhi, S. (2015). Elastic properties and buckling behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with diethyltoluenediamines using molecular dynamics simulations. Superlattices and Microstructures, 77, 54-63. [56] Bie, B. X., Han, J. H., Lu, L., Zhou, X. M., Qi, M. L., Zhang, Z., Luo, S. N. (2015). Dynamic fracture of carbon nanotube/epoxy composites under high strain-rate loading. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 68, 282-288. [57] Shi, Q., Yang, D., Su, Y., Li, J., Jiang, Z., Jiang, Y., Yuan, W. (2007). Covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by lipase. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 9(6), 1205-1210. [1] Raw Carbon nanotubes( pure carbon nanotubes: p-MWCNT)

Joan Didions Essay Los Angeles Notebook -- Didion Los Angeles Noteboo

Joan Didion's Essay "Los Angeles Notebook"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Santa Ana winds cause people to act more violently or unruly and makes others irritable and unhappy to a great extent. Joan Didion explains to the reader about how the Santa Ana affects human behavior in her essay â€Å"Los Angeles Notebook.† Through the use of imagery, diction, and selection of detail Didion expresses her view of the Santa Ana winds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Didion paints uneasy and somber images when describing the Santa Ana winds. â€Å"There is something uneasy in the Los Angeles air†¦ some unnatural stillness, some tension,† starts the essay off with the image of Los Angeles people in a sense of stillness or tense. She further adds, â€Å"Blowing up sandstorms out along Route 66†¦ we will see smoke back in the canyons, and hear sirens in the night,† propagating the uneasy and stark image of Los Angeles. â€Å"The baby frets. The maid sulks,† she adds, giving a depressing view into the effects of the Santa Ana winds on people. Didion, in an attempt to show the craziness associated with the Santa Ana winds, points out the Indians who throw themselves into the sea when bad winds came. At any rate, Didion attempts to show the negative effects of the Santa Ana winds through images of stillness, uneasiness, and sobriety.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her tone, Didion remains clear, consistent, and vivid. Her choice of words remains simple as if to not alienate the readers of her essay. Her tone for the first half of the opening, primarily the first and second ...

Psychology Dementia Paper

Alzheimer’s In The Early Years Early-onset Alzheimer's is an uncommon form of dementia that strikes people younger than age 65. In that case, some of the first episodes of symptoms with the early onset start as behavioral problems. The caregiver’s of the early onset patient’s experience a lot of stress in their job of taking care of patients with dementia no matter the gender. The biggest portions of people that suffer from early onset dementia tend to have shown up in family members that are very close to them.Alzheimer’s cannot be reversed so in that case once you have been diagnosed with it, there’s no possible way to change it and all cases end in mortality. There are two types of early onset dementia. There is pre-senile dementia also classified as Alzheimer’s disease because this often happens in patients that are younger than 65 years old. This is cause by the degeneration of the front temporal lobe, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration.The patients that tend to be older than 65 that develop dementia share the same characteristics but often nowhere near as sever but could also still be diagnosed as Alzheimer’s depending on the patient’s conditions. Cerebrovascular disorders are age-related processes. In that case VaD, or vascular cognitive diminishing, usually arises in patients older than 65 years of age, but less frequently in patients younger than 65.The early clinical features of front temporal lobar degeneration are changes in personality and social behavior rather than impaired cognition. With progression of the disease, impairment of cognitive functions, including memory, becomes obvious and slowly increases in severity. Stereotypical speech, with prominent reduction of vocabulary, occurs in the advanced stage of illness. Sematic dementia and progressive non-fluent aphasia are characteristic clinical symptoms of front temporal dementia.Rapid progression of cognitive i mpairment with neuropsychological syndromes and neurological symptoms, like spastic pyramidal signs, myoclonia, and convulsions, has been considered characteristics of early onset Alzheimer’s. However, it was reported recently that the spastic paraparesis, seizures, and myoclonic convulsions do not always occur in early onset Alzheimer’s, although language problems and visuospatial dysfunction are common.

Adult Education Study Simulators

The understanding of educational theory improves the quality of teaching taking place in schools. Indeed, according to Podeschi and Pearson (2003, p. 89), continued exposure to diverse educational theories help instructors to apply best practices in day-to-day teaching activities.Further, instructors are more likely to apply a different teaching method, which helps in understanding what works best with different students and lessons. The resulting system is mutually beneficial among educational stakeholders: teachers improve on respective professionalism, students receive high quality education, and school administration becomes more efficient in executing duties and responsibilities.Instructional processes being used by this researcher will definitely be improved upon reading the chapter. Most importantly, the understanding of factors influencing instruction delivery among adult students would results to change in strategies.This instructor will therefore embark on understanding spe cific factors before developing strategies to be applied. The strategy of involving adult students in the development of individuals’ academic goals will also get incorporated in the new instructional processes. The newly improved procedures will be implemented and consequently get evaluated regularly.In order to understand the participation rate in the local population, a group of ten adults were randomly selected and asked various questions regarding their propensity to participate. Four of the selected adults are active participants in adult education, whereas the rest (six) said they would like to participate but lack time.Those currently undergoing adult education do so through weekend classes as well as summer school. The adults were more inclined to attend group classes instead of studying privately.Participants of organized adult education are better positioned to succeed compared to individuals on self-directed learning, considering professionalism involved in adult educational systems (Knowles, 1999, p. 213). Organized education benefits from various teachers with wider experience and knowledge to guide adults in attaining respective academic goals.Participants in organized classes further get opportunities to share with each other, which enhances the understanding of concepts taught in classes. On the other hand, adults on self-directed learning have the advantage of concentrating on subjects and concepts of interest, which lacks in organized reaching.This instructor’s recruitment of adult education will be influenced by what has been learnt in the chapter. The new understanding on individuals more likely to participate in adult education will especially be of help. The instructor will embark on the process as recruiting adult students from both groups—those who are more likely to enroll and succeed and those with difficulties.Both groups will further get mixed in all the classes and educational activities. Mixed classes are, ac cording to Moos and Tricket (2004, p. 117) better placed to motivate struggling adult students to succeed academically. This will also help in the process of reducing chances of me drop out from the struggling students. Most importantly, the instructor will ensure encouraging students from either group to interact more in class activities.The instructor will further work closely with individual students with the intention of establishing a working rapport. This way, students would feel free to express their hardships to the instructor and therefore increase chances of resolving issues before reaching crisis level.Knowing adult students’ cognitive and learning styles are a must for teachers involved in the sector. Indeed, it is only through such knowledge that teachers can successfully help students achieve respective academic goals. Having such understanding helps teachers to come up with strategies that improve students’ ability to grasp concepts taught in their class es.Fort instance, understanding that some students learn better by just listening to lectures and others through visual aids, teachers are more likely to combine strategies. This would mean running lectures in combination with lecture notes for those who learn better through reading and PowerPoint slides for those in need of visual aids. Such approach leaves all students with better understanding.Though there exists little data relating to motivating general public in taking part in adult education, it is with no doubt that improving awareness would improve enrollment rates.This instructor will therefore embark on improving awareness of adult education courses within the locality, which would be achieved in collaboration with relevant departments. In addition to improving awareness, diversity in student’ body would be enhanced at various levels, which would leave participants stronger in their academic endeavors.There exist some differences between youth and adult students, e specially regarding needs and preferences. Adult students are more likely to prefer the traditional lecture notes instructions delivery, whereas the youth would prefer aggressive usage of information technology (Knowles, 1999, p. 72).To the youths, sitting down and consequently taking lecture notes sounds tedious—significant portion prefer having lectures delivered through IT, especially the Internet, where they can access at afterwards and regularly. On the other hand, adults are less inclined to rely on information technology, because they lack, or have little of the required technical skills.The first step in designing class instructions for adult students is to request them to share goals they would like to achieve. This instructor would arrange for a meeting with individual students and consequently collect views and concerns that would be incorporated in the instructions. Instructor will thus understand each student needs that will be considered in curriculum developmen t process.The traditional lectures, which most adult students are comfortable with, would become the primary teaching method. However, the instructor will embark on incorporating information technology throughout the process. The use of technology will also provide adult students to learn about the modern methods and thus overcome the digital divide barrier separating them from youth students.Wild Wide Web, PowerPoint presentations, and email communication between teachers and students will be used widely. All lecture and learning material will be posted on class website, where students can refer at their own convenience. As discussed above, the instructor will arrange for private meeting time with individual students.These meetings will be used to gage students’ comfort in using information technology—problems in using the system would be dealt with accordingly. In addition, the meetings would be used to understand whether the goals set in advance have been achieved. Students will therefore get a chance to get the much-needed counsel.The same processes can be applied with regard to youth education, given that they are in need of much support. Youth students are more likely to lack self-control and discipline that are required in academics. It is important for teachers in lower and upper academic levels to embark on improving this much-needed discipline in their students.This will serve them well in latter years, especially when they participate in adult education. The long run beneficiaries of improved understanding of education theories would therefore include stakeholders from all walks of life: teachers would become more efficient in their professions, whereas students benefit from high quality teaching methods.References Knowles, M. (1999). Pedagogy versus Andragogy. New York: Routledge.Moos, P. & Trickett, E. (2004). Classroom Environment. Palo Alto: CPP.Pearson, E. & Podeschi, R.   (2003). Humanism & Individualism in Adult Education. Adu lt-Education Quarterly. Vol. 50 (3): 39-55.