Medicalization for understanding shifting ideas about health and illness

Medicalization for understanding shifting ideas about health and illness Medicalization is term for the erroneous tendency by society-often perpetuated by health professionals to view effects of socioeconomic disadvantage as purely medical issues. It is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as  medical conditions  and problems, and thus come under the authority of doctors and other  health professionals  to study,  diagnose,  prevent  or  treat. The process of medicalization can be driven by new evidence or theories about conditions, or by developments in social attitudes or economic considerations, or by the development of new purported  treatments. Medicalization is often claimed to bring benefits, but also costs, which may not always be clear. Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power of  professions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of  health  and  illness. Once a condition is classed as medical, a medical  tends to be used rather than a  social model. Medicalization may also be termed pathologization (from  pathology), or in some cases  disease mongering. The concept of medicalization has educated the sociology of health and illness for many years now. Typically, it has been deliberated and examined with critical nuance, though some key thinkers within the discipline have suggested that it is not unequivocally negative. Conrad criticised and disputed that the development and growth of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name of liberation (Conrad 1973). Medicalization describes a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness or disorders (Gabe et al. 2004:59) and likewise be simply classified as a procedure of increased medical intervention into areas which would more often than not be outside of the medical province. The term  medicalization  entered academic and medical publications in the 1970s, for example in the works of figures such as Peter Conrad  and  Thomas Szasz. They argued that the expansion of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name of  liberation. This critique was embodied in now-classic works such as Conrads The discovery of hyperkinesis: notes on medicalization of deviance, published in 1973 (hyperkinesis  was the term then used to describe what we might now call  ADHD). Medicalization explains a situation which had been previously explained in a moral, religious or social terms now become defined as the subject of medical and scientific knowledge. Many years ago for example some children were deemed and regarded as problematic, misbehaving and unruly. Some adults were shy and men who were balding just wore hats to hide it. And that was that. Nevertheless, nowadays all these descriptions could and possibly would be attributed to a type of illness or disease and be given a diagnosis or medicine to treat it in some cases. Medicalization explains this. Likewise, medicalization has been applied to a whole variety of problems that have come to be defined as medial, ranging from childbirth and the menopause through to alcoholism and homosexuality (Gabe et al. 2006: 59). Furthermore, the term explains the process in where particular characteristics of every day life become medically explained, thus come under the authority of doctors and other  health professionals to study,  diagnose,  prevent  and or  treat the problem. Originally, the concept of medicalisation was strongly associated with medical dominance, involving the extension of medicines jurisdiction over erstwhile normal life events and experiences. More recently, however, this view of a docile lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. Thus, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalisation. Such participation, however, can be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. The emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medicalisation occurs. In this paper, we describe how the concept of m edicalisation is presented in the literature, outlining different accounts of agency that shape the process. We suggest that some earlier accounts of medicalisation over-emphasized the medical professions imperialistic tendencies and often underplayed the benefits of medicine. With consideration of the social context in which medicalisation, or its converse, arises, we argue that medicalisation is a much more complex, ambiguous, and contested process than the medicalisation thesis of the 1970s implied. In particular, as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional, uniform process or as the result of medical dominance alone is clearly insufficient. Indeed, if, as Conrad and Schneider (1992) suggested, medicalisation was linked to the rise of rationalism and science (ie to modernity), and if we are experiencing the passing of modernity, we might expect to see a decrease in medicalisation. The idea of medicalization is perhaps related only indirectly to social constructionanism, in that it does not question the basis of medical knowledge as such, but challenges its application. Nettleton continues and states that is draws attention to the fact that medicine operates as a powerful institution of social control (Nettleton 2006: 25). It does this by claiming expertise in areas in life which previously were not regarded as medical problems or matters. This includes such life stages such as ageing, childbirth, alcohol consumption and childhood behaviour moreover, the availability of new pharmacological treatments and genetic testing intensifies these processesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thus it constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems. (Conrad and Schneider 1990 as cited in Nettleton 2006: 25). Medicalization can occur on three different and particular levels according to Conrad and Schneider (1980). The first was explained as conceptually when a medical vocabulary is used to define a problem. In some instances, doctors do not have to be involved and an example if this is AA. The second was the institutional level, institutionally, when organizations adopt a medical approach to treating a problem in which they specialise and the third was at the level of doctor patient interaction when a problem is defined as a medical and medical treatment occurs (as cited in Gabe et al 2004:59). These examples all involve doctors and their treatments directly, not including alcoholism which has other figures to help people such as the AA. The third level was the interactional level and this was where the problem, social problem, becomes defined as medical and medicalization occurs as part of a doctor-patient interaction. Medicalization shows the shifting ideas about health and illness. Health and illness does not only include such things as influenza or the cold, but deviant behaviours. Deviant behaviours which were once merely described as criminal, immoral or naughty before have now been labelled with medical meanings. Conrad and Schneider five-staged sequential process of medicalizing deviant behaviour. Stage one involves the behaviour itself as being deviant. Chronic drunkenness was regarded merely as highly undesirable, before it was medically labelled as chronic drunkenness. The second stage occurs when the medical conception of a deviant behaviour is announced in a professional medical journey according to Conrad and Schneider. A prominent thinker in the idea of medicalization was Ivan Illich, who studied it profusely and was very influential, in fact being one of the earliest philosophers to use the term medicalization. Illichs appraisal of professional medicine and particularly his use of the term medicalization lead him to become very influential within the discipline and is quoted to have said that Modern medicine is a negation of health. It isnt organized to serve human health, but only itself, as an institution. It makes more people sick than it heals. Illich attributed medicalization to the increasing professionalization and bureaucratization of medical institutions associated with industrialization (Gabe et al 2004: 61). He supposed that due to the development of modern medicine, it created a reliance on medicine and doctors thus taking away peoples ability to look after themselves and engage in self care. In his book Limits to medicine: Medical nemesis (1975) Illich disputed that the medical profession in point of fact harms people in a process known as  iatrogenesis. This can be elucidated as when there is an increase in illness and social problems as a direct result of medical intervention. Illich saw this occurring on three levels. The first was the clinical iatrogenesis. These involved serious  side-effects  which were are often worse than the original condition. The negative effects of the clinical intervention outweighed the positive and it also conveyed the dangers of modern medicine. There were negative side effects of medicine and drugs, which included poisoning people. In addition, infections which could be caught in the hospital such as MRSA and errors caused my medical negligence. The second level was the social iatrogenesis whereby the general public is made submissive and reliant on the medical profession to help them cope with their life in society. Furthermore all suffering is hospitalised and medicine undermines health indirectly because of its impact on social organisation of society. In the process people cease to give birth, for example, be sick or die at home And the third level is cultural iatrogenesis, which can also be referred to as the structural. This is where life processes such as aging and dying become medicalized which in the process creates a society which is not able to deal with natural life process thus becoming a culture of dependence. Moreover, people are dispossessed of their ability to cope with pain or bereavement for example as people rely on medicine and professionals. (Illick 1975) Sociologists such as Ehrenreich and English had argued that womens bodies were being medicalized.  Menstruation  and  pregnancy  had come to be seen as medical problems requiring interventions such as  hysterectomies. Nettleton furthered this notion and discussed this in relation to childbirth. The Medicalization of childbirth is as a result of professional dominance. She stated that the control of pregnancy and childbirth has been taken over by a predominantly male medical profession. Medicine can thus be regarded as patriarchal and exercising an undue social control over womens lives. From conception to the birth of the baby, the women are closely monitored thus medical monitoring and intervention in pregnancy childbirth are now routine processes. Childbirth is classified as a medical problem therefore it becomes conceptualized in terms of clinical safety, and women are encouraged to have their babies in hospitals. This consequently results in women being dependent on medical care. Nevertheless recent studies and evidence have shown that it may actually be safer to have babies at home because there would have been less susceptible to infection and technocological interference (Oakley 1884, as cited in Nettleton 2006: 26) Medicalization combines phenomenological and Marxist approaches of health and illnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in that it considers definitions of illness to be products of social interactions or negotiations which are inherently unequal (Nettleton 2006: 26). Marxism discussed medicalization and linked it with oppression, arguing that medicine can disguise the underlying causes of disease which include poverty and social inequality. In the process they see health as an individual problem, rather than a societys problem. Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power of  professions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of  health and  illness. Once a condition is classed as medical, a  medical model of disability  tends to be used rather than a  social model. It constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems (Nettleton 2006: 26). Medicalization has been referred to as the processes by which social phenomena come to be perceived and treated as illnesses. It is the process in by issues and experiences that have previously been accounted for in religious, moral, or social contexts then become defined as the subject of scientific medical knowledge. The idea itself questions the belief that physical conditions themselves constitute an illness. It argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and. It has been suggested that medicine is seen as being instilled with subjective assumptions of the society in which it developed. Moreover, it argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and, along with the rest of science, is far from achieving the ideals of objectivity and neutrality. The medical thesis has much to recommendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦including the creation of new understanding of the social processes involved in the development and response to medical diagnosis and treatment To understand the level of social power that the medical community exercises through medicalization, Conrad explains that physicians have medicalized social deviance. They accomplish this by claiming the medical basis of matters such as hyperactivity, madness, alcoholism and compulsive gambling [Conrad, p 107]. By  medicalizing  social matters, medical professionals have the power to legitimize negative social behavior, such as the case of suspected killers in judicial courts who claim temporary insanity and are, therefore, exonerated on medical basis [Conrad, p 111]. In extending this concept, the Endocrine Society may have medicalized social deviance in men who reduce their work motivation or become characteristically unpleasant because they are experiencing andropause. In effect, despondency in older men might become an indicator of male menopause rather than a possible indicator of social deviance. Physicians also play a direct and significant role in the medicalization of social experiences. In analyzing the doctor-patient interaction of medicalization, Kaw argues that medical professionals have medicalized racial features by encouraging cosmetic surgery among Asian American women, for example, in order to avoid the stereotypical physical features of small and slanty eyes that are often associated with passivity, dullness and lack of sociability [Kaw, p 75]. Kaw asserts that plastic surgeons use medical terms to problematize the shape of their eyes so as to define it as a medical condition [Kaw, p 81]. Their use of technical terms and expressions should be questioned, especially since the power of such language influences Asian American women to pursue cosmetic surgery, when it is not necessary [Kaw, p 82]. Analogously, the Endocrine Society medicalized testosterone deficiency by defining it as Andropause; this helped perpetuate the notion, among older individuals, that if the y lack sexual drive or sense depression and fatigue, they should seek medical attention because they are experiencing an acute medical condition rather than a stage in the physiological cycle. The role played by the health care structures in medicalizing conditions is enhanced by that of the pharmaceutical industry. In order to achieve implementation of a drug in the market, the medicalization of a problem is critical [Conrad, p 111]. Once a medical definition for male menopause was established, the pharmaceutical company further medicalized the problem by launching strong advertisement campaigns aimed at older men and physicians alike, so as to popularize the drug among the general public and medical community [Groopman, 2002]. In a  Time  magazine advertisement, the industry appealed to the emotions of older men by linking low sex drive to the decline of testosterone levels rather than to a life process [Groopman 2002]. In this manner, the pharmaceutical industries profit based ideology facilitates the medicalization of testosterone deficiency by popularizing conditions that may be exceedingly common among health product consumers. Medicalization also changes patients ideologies of biomedicine and leads them to believe that biomedicine must not only offer cure for illnesses, but also offer life enhancements. Similar to the way that impotence and hair loss was medicalized by promoting drugs like Viagra to enhance sexual performance, and solutions like Rogaine for hair re-growth, male menopause has been medicalized because it causes low sex drive among other general symptoms [Groopman, 2002]. As a consequence, older men will opt to not only seek but demand life enhancements achievable through medicine disregarding the fact that such treatments can be detrimental to health. In fact, Groopman states that known side effect of testosterone therapy include abnormal enlargement of the breasts, testicular shrinkage, congestive heart failure and enlargement of the prostate gland [Groopman, 2002]. Medicalizing a problem can be harmful and deadly, yet medical professionals perpetuate this dangerous behavior by medicalizing conditions that patients may seek to treat for their personal wellbeing It is important to realize that medicalization is not merely the result of medical imperialism but rather the interactive process that involves society and the health community; [Conrad, p 115]. It includes patients and doctors alike. Nonetheless, awareness of the mechanisms by which the medical community affects society is important because medicine pertains to all health consumers. Male menopause only serves as one of the many examples of life experiences that have become medicalized by the healthcare community. Concluding this essay, the concept of medicalization started with the medical dominance which involved the increase of medicines influence and labelling over things regarded as normal life events and experiences. However in recent time, this view of a submissive lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. As a consequence, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalization. Furthermore Such participationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. Moreover the emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medical isation occurs (Ballard and Elston 2005). In addition they suggest that as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional or as the result of medical dominance primarily is insufficient.

Marketing Galaxy Essay

The company that I have chosen for the basis for my report is Mars Incorporated. They have been placed the 5th largest privately held company in the United States and had a $30 billion annual sales in 2010. The majority of people think of chocolate when they hear of Mars; however their confectionary products are not the only thing they focus on. They cater for six business segments:- †¢ Petcare †¢ Wrigley †¢ Food †¢ Drink †¢ Symbioscience †¢ Chocolate They are a privately owned company with more than 65,000 Associates who are committed to delivering the best quality in the segments above. Out of the six segments I will be focusing on one ‘Chocolate’. Mars have 4 billion dollar global brands which includes ‘M&Ms’; ‘Snickers’ and also ‘Milky Way’. Chocolate confectionery is very much a part of everyday life in the United Kingdom. The UK is the largest chocolate consumer in the world with an annual average per capita consumption of 11.5 kg followed by Liechtenstein with 10.9 kg. The reason why I have chosen this company is because they have a strong background when it comes to chocolate and three of their products ‘Galaxy, Mars Bar and also Bounty’ have been listed in the Top Ten Chocolate bar of all time. One of the products that Mars Incorporated that interest me is ‘Galaxy’ which is extremely popular in the United Kingdom; Middle East and in Africa. Galaxy is also known as Dove in many parts of the world such as United States; Germany; Malaysia and Greece. Nevertheless, the chocolate used in Dove products is a different taste from the chocolate used in Galaxy. Galaxy has 11 different products such as Galaxy Ripple; Galaxy Cookie Crumble; Galaxy Counters. As we know Galaxy has many different spin offs, which gave me an idea for a new product. â€Å"Galaxy Smooth White†. Galaxy believes that the indulgence about chocolate is about the whole experience. It has a luxury yet sensual feel towards it. The majority of white chocolate products is mainly aim at the children market, providing products such Milky Way and Kinder Bueno. There are a few white chocolate products for adults however are on the upper scale such as Divine; Fair-trade and Green & Blacks. When looking into the needs and wants of a ‘Galaxy’ chocolate, customers still want that luxury feel when they take that first bite. (Galaxy calls it ‘Love at first bite’). Customers want a warm feeling inside and for that moment, they don’t want to worry about how many calories they are going to add. Galaxy Smooth white delivers exactly this and more. It provides adults with a white chocolate that is not deemed to be immature or just any chocolate that you would have daily in your lunch box. This chocolate is for lovers of white chocolate or chocolate in general; who enjoy indulging themselves with an experience that allows them to be in their own world where everything is perfect for that moment. 70% of the whole UK confectionery market is accounted for by chocolate, with annual sales of  £3.75bn. White chocolate only accounts for just 1 to 2% of UK chocolate consumption (milk chocolate accounts for 92%). Tony Bilsborough, Head of UK Media Relations (Cadbury) believes that there is a massive growth potential with white chocolate. â€Å"We’ve seen the figures and our competitors have, too,† he says. â€Å"I think you could say that white is the new brown.† According to market research it has shown that white chocolate is famous among the female segment of the United Kingdom population. Women in return have rewarded Galaxy with sales figures that have totalled companies such as Ferrero, Green and Black’s, and Lindt combined. (According to UNS Worldpanel data.) Galaxy’s target market is women between the ages of 25 and 45 however for Galaxy smooth White, I would want to lower the age to 21, as I believe in this generation, women from the age of 21 are deemed to be more mature than they were 10 years ago as they are more independent and becoming more career focused. When looking at segmentation criteria for Galaxy Smooth white, I looked at ‘Demographic’. This segmentation involves dividing the market into different groups based on variables that relate to age, gender, family size, income, occupation, education, lifecycle and generation. This is known to be one of the most popular bases for segmenting consumers groups, mainly as consumers wants are closely linked to such variables as income and age; and there is more data available to assist with Demographic segmentation process. Below are the main demographic segmentation variables for ‘Galaxy Smooth White’: Age/gender As explained above Galaxy Smooth White will be aimed at 21-45 year old women. As facts show that women in the United Kingdom find white chocolate very popular. There are many white chocolate available for children so breaking into that market will be a massive risk, whereas white chocolate aimed at women is a quite small market waiting to be broken. Galaxy is also known to be a chocolate that is soft; sensual and even romantic. So aiming this product towards men will be a big fail. Income When looking at this product, its shows it’s a luxury good. However compared to products such as Green & Black and Divine it is not at that end of the scale. Galaxy Smooth White appeals to consumers of all types of income which makes it different from competitors such as Divine who are aimed at those with a medium to high income. Lifestyle When looking at Galaxy Smooth White the type of women it is aimed at, is those with a hectic lifestyle; so whether it be someone who works all through the week; a mother of four or even a student who constantly in their books. The aim of the chocolate is that when a women needs a moment for herself, Galaxy Smooth White allows her to calm down; allows her to focus on herself; her needs and for that moment nothing else matters. The reason why I chose women between the age of 21 and 45 for the target market is that apart from children they are the main consumers for white chocolate. There is also room for a luxury, sensuous affordable chocolate in the confectionery market. I still want to keep Galaxy’s consumers as a target market as the company has been influencing it consumers to fall in love with Galaxy’s silky taste while also endorsing itself as a symbol of indulgence, femininity, and sensuousness. It is important that Galaxy’s traditional image is reserved as there are many benefits for Galaxy Smooth White to be associated with Galaxy. One brand that may be seemed as competition is Cadbury’s Dream, which is portrayed by them as a ‘white chocolate made with real smooth, melt in your mouth chocolate’. I know that Galaxy Smooth White will be positioned at a higher rank compared to Cadbury’s Dream as I have a more solid knowledge of my target market and Dream did not have a clear clarification of what their target market was. Galaxy has been linked to female-friendly activities such as book and films such as The Devil Wears Prada and Sex and The City. All this relates to Galaxy Smooth White Brand. When marketing Galaxy Smooth White, I need to make sure that I create a successful mix of: †¢ Being the ‘right’ product †¢ Sold at the ‘right’ price †¢ Sold in the ‘right’ place †¢ Using the ‘right’ promotion †¢ Product Galaxy is already a household name and is known for being a chocolate that caters for women. One of their branded names is ‘Why have cotton when you can have silk?’ When looking at what the customers wants from the Galaxy Smooth White, they still want that feeling of having a soft, smooth silk like feeling of white chocolate. Not only does it have to taste right, it has to look perfect. The packaging should be similar to the current Galaxy Smooth Milk however have white/sliver silky foil covers with the same colour background, however the words ‘Galaxy’ written in white. The Galaxy Smooth White should be written in white. We still want to keep the packaging simple as the product is our main focus. Comparing this product to others such as dream, I think the Brand name does put Galaxy Smooth White at an advantage as what we are selling relates to the brand; has been backed up by the brand. So we are in a position where the consumers know what to expect. Price Galaxy bars are now (46g) sold at a retail price of 57p. The larger ones (125g) are sold at  £1.26. When looking at pricing the ‘Price must be right’. In regards to Galaxy Smooth white I will use, Penetration Pricing. The aim of this is to increase the market share of a product. Galaxy Smooth White could you the â€Å"Special Introductory Offer†. Here I am able to set a relatively low initial entry price, lower than the established price to attract new customers. This strategy aims to encourage consumers to switch to the new product because of the lower price which will be  £1 for 125g and 45p for 46g. Although this type of pricing is mostly associated with a marketing objective of increasing market share or sales volume, in the short term profits will result in being lower than if the price was set higher. However long term, there would be profitability of higher market share, so the pricing strategy can often be justified. Place We have to make sure that the Galaxy Smooth White is obtainable in supermarket, online and even local shops. Galaxy Smooth White should be available for consumers as other confectionaries are. So even a vending machine at work should have ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ waiting for the consumer to buy it. Our distribution channel will be Suppliers –wholesalers/companies-Consumers. I also would want to send samples to catalogue companies as a way of introducing the new Galaxy Smooth White. The type of Catalogues I would like to send samples to be â€Å"More† and â€Å"Cosmopolitan as they are magazine that are aimed at women aged 21-45. Promotion The target market does need to be aware of the existence and availability of the product through promotion. To promote Galaxy Smooth White there needs to be a broad range of advertising, through magazine; television and billboards. The best time to promote and launch Galaxy Smooth White would be Christmas as it can relate to the ‘White’ Christmas theme. It also related back to the brand, as many people will be busy buying Christmas presents; students will be busy trying to get all their Christmas assignments done in time and they can relax with a bar of Galaxy Smooth White. The marketing mix should be more than a checklist of the 4P’s as we mist blend together all the elements. The pricing, promotional and distribution strategy of ‘Galaxy Smooth White; must be consistent with the product and target market. Booms and Bitner (1981) suggested another extra 3P’s that are: †¢ People †¢ Physical evidence †¢ Process People looks at all the people whether they be directly or indirectly involved with the product. Process analyses the procedure in which the flow of the activities of which the product is consumed. Lastly, physical evidence is related to the environment in which the product is delivered. People The impact that people have within the market should never be underestimated. This is most obvious when looking at front line sales to customer service staff which will have a direct impact on how your product is perceived. Galaxy as a whole makes sure that the customer services staff are provide high quality services to our consumers. This is why ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ will be distributed in well names supermarket known for their excellent customer service such as ASDA and Tesco. All the elements of the marketing mix will have an impact in regards to Galaxy Smooth White but ‘People’ carries an importance of regarding marketing as an integral part of the way I would do business is clear. Process This part of the mix is about being ‘easy to do business with’. We have all been in situation where we have either become frustrated at call centres that are not able to answer our questions; irritated when you are unable to purchase something in the shop because it is not recognise on their computer and you clearly see it on the shelf. Situations like this make this element important. This element will make sure ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ looks at this from its consumer’s side. We will make sure that the process right and easy. Physical Evidence With tangible goods such as ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ we can offer our consumers the chance to ‘try before you buy’, or at least see, touch or smell the good. This is why in out promotion element I explained by sampling the chocolate in magazine, aimed towards our target market. Through this we will be able to build trust and then a relationship with the consumer and to do this we must provide evidence of the quality that we will be providing as possible. Physical evidence refers to all the tangible, visible touch points that our consumer will come across before they buy. Overall, I do believe that this product will sell well because its new product made from an existing product and Galaxy has a strong name on its own and the products that have been made from Galaxy have all been a success and are still marketable. References New year, new Galaxy – Rainforest Alliance Certifiedâ„ ¢ Cocoa . 2011. New year, new Galaxy – Rainforest Alliance Certifiedâ„ ¢ Cocoa . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.galaxychocolate.co.uk/. [Accessed 29 November 2011]. About Mars | World Famous Company | Mars . 2011. About Mars | World Famous Company | Mars . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mars.com/global/about.aspx. [Accessed 29 November 2011] 7-Ps – Extended Marketing Mix – Booms and Bitner. 2011. 7-Ps – Extended Marketing Mix – Booms and Bitner. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_booms_bitner_7Ps.html. [Accessed 12 December 2011 Nestle Marketing Mix and SWOT . 2011. Nestle Marketing Mix and SWOT . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12163694/Nestle-Marketing-Mix-and-SWOT. [Accessed 12 December 2011]. Health, Beauty, Fashion, Love, Careers and more – MORE Magazine. 2011. Health, Beauty, Fashion, Love, Careers and more – MORE Magazine. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.more.com/. [Accessed 12 December 2011]. How to Develop Your Distribution Channels | Marketing M.O.. 2011. How to Develop Your Distribution Channels | Marketing M.O.. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.marketingmo.com/strategic-planning/how-to-develop-your-distribution-channels/. [Accessed 12 December 2011].

What You Dont Know About English Editing Service

What You Don't Know About English Editing Service How to Get Started with English Editing Service? Following certain standard guidelines will allow you to prepare a well-structured, well-presented manuscript and also enhance your confidence for a writer. To ensure this kind of outcome and boost the odds of publication, it is crucial for writers to employ a good English editor having sound knowledge in journal editing services. Third, you should try and locate an English editing service which has the ability to edit the manuscript in your individual field. When transferring to a different journal the author doesn't need to submit the manuscript or offer the accompanying information again. You will need to go for expert book editing and book proofreading services provided by professionals. You obtain a preview of your essay and ask to produce corrections if necessary. When you have written your manuscript, seeking the aid of internet editing services will allow you to improve the general level of your manuscript, make sure that it meets native-level English, and boost your likelihood of acceptance. The above mentioned tips can help you craft a robust manuscript. You can opt to have the new text edited, or the entire manuscript again. Please indicate the method by which the manuscript was revised. Language editing doesn't guarantee your manuscript is going to be accepted for publication in our journal. Our Manuscript Formatting Service assists you by formatting your present files and therefore saves your time and enables you to concentrate on the important facets of your work. Frequently, the author is a member of a country where people are usually not proficient in English. You might have used an editor who offered commendable guidance to you previously. The editors are committed and thoroughly skilled. Editors who haven't edited several diverse kinds of work might not be equipped to edit your work. It truly is extremely simple if you take a moment to consider about it when you write. It's not shameful if you don't get grammar right, especially whenever you work on your mistakes with the intention to fix them later on. There's not anything more important to skip the ideal english. Introducing English Editing Service Nowadays you know the best place to proofread the essay online and the way to decrease our absent-mindedness. Work is performed under various Subjects each headed by means of a Referee. Purchasing an essay is somewhat simple. You edited the paper a good deal. So, it's essential that you send the paper which has already approved content. Finding a custom academic or company paper is easy as 1-2-3. Our editing provider presents a milestone in internet editing as a result of our expertise and willingness to create commitments. Such editing is conducted by means of a specialist experienced in the specific discipline, who also checks the terms you use in the paper to be certain that it is going to be accepted. If you are attempting to come across an internet editing assistance, it is better to learn how to find one that is going to fulfill your expectations. Some on-line manuscript editing services also offer assistance in any way stages of the publication approach. One of the chief advantages of plain English is that it can help to get rid of complex language which may be too hard for certain sections of the population to read. Scribendi's English editing services may be used for all kinds of document. Plain English provides you a framework you may utilize to write confidently and clearly. All our writers pass a considerable procedure to look at their abilities. Whether you have to track your orders or you simply want to ask questions about us, our writers, and services, we're here to supply the support you want. Our editors will help enhance the quality of your grant proposal when saving you time.

Analyzing Diversity Within The Workplace - 1061 Words

Introduction The United States is often referred to as a â€Å"melting pot† because of the diversity of its people. People from hundreds of countries with different cultures, languages, religious beliefs, and different ethnicities have come to the United States seeking a better opportunities and a better way of life. Melting pot is defined as â€Å"a place where a variety of races, cultures, or individuals assimilate into a cohesive whole† (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). For the purpose of analyzing diversity in the workplace, it is necessary to also define â€Å"cohesion.† Cohesion is defined as the act or state of sticking together tightly; especially: unity† (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Is the United States truly a country where people regardless of their†¦show more content†¦In the United States diversity in the workplace has become a priority for human resources managers, (Diversity in the Workplace, n.d.), however, this was not always the case. To ensure diversity and equality, the federal government has enacted laws that provide equal protection to people based upon race, age, disabilities, as well as sexual orientation and identification. Immigration to the United States Between 1815 and 1915, approximately 30 million Europeans immigrated to the United States and by 1880 there were 300,000 Chinese immigrants in the United States (Wills, 2005). Immigrants came to this country looking for greater opportunities that would provide a better way of life; many believing the streets were paved with gold. Immigrants were discriminated against for the most part, but it was the Chinese who received the most hostile treatment. The hostility resulted in the Chinese Exclusion Act passed into law in 1882 prohibiting further Chinese immigration. The act was to last 10 years, but was extended in 1892 and then made permanent in 1902, but was repealed in 1943 (Ma, 2000). Historical Legislation The Civil Rights Act of 1964 On June 11, 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace attempted to prevent two black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama. That night, President John F. Kennedy addressed the nation on television and with an improvised speech called on Congress to