The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence Essay Example for Free

The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence Essay Hagar Shipley is fundamental character in The Stone Angel composed by Margaret Laurence and experiences an unpleasant life in the wake of experiencing childhood in the little town of Manawaka, Canada. At ninety years old, she understood how obstinate and held she was to individuals she was nearest to, her dad, her siblings and her own child. In Hagars more youthful years she was skating on the lake with Dan and Matt, her siblings when one of the, Dan, fell in the lake skating in reverse, attempting to intrigue a few women. Back home Matt at that point asked Hagar to get and put on the old plaid wrap their mom used to wear, at that point comfort Dan who has pneumonia, similarly as their mom used to comfort the young men when they were nearly nothing. In any case, Hagar can't: He went to me at that point, and held both my hands in his, theonly time I ever review my sibling Matt doing something like this. [] I cant. Goodness Matt, Im sorry, however I cant, I cant. Im not somewhat like her. [] Before Matt let himself grieve or even disclose to me it went over, he approached me and put the two his hands on me calm tenderly, then again, actually he put them around my throat. Pg. 25-26 This shows portions of Hagar and her willfulness, she can not comfort her own sibling as it would cause her to show up as a frail young lady, hence completley against what she grew up with, her father consistently bored Hagar not to show any feelings in any circumstance yet in addition the manner in which she got a kick out of the chance to be since she didn't have the foggiest idea about the other Hagar. She was instructed to be obstinate, narrow minded and deadpan. Hagars relationship to her own dad was not the best since he never rewarded her the manner in which a dad should by indicating pride of his young lady, approaching her with deference and really show feelings, rather then simply gesturing after she has accomplished something accurately: At the point when I rehashed them all through [] hed gesture. That is all hed ever state, when I hit the nail on the head. He never trusted in squandering a word or a moment. Pg. 7 She was educated to be the cutthroat woman and never to sympthasize with anybody. Hagars whole life was a disaster, she didn't embrace her own child before he left to battle in the war. I didnt comprehend what to state to him. I needed to implore him to take care of himself, to be cautious, as one cautions youngsters against snowdrifts or meager ice or the hooves of ponies, feeling the feeble words may go about as an appeal against catastrophe. I needed at the same time to hold him firmly, beg him, against all explanation and reality, not to go. Pg. 129 Hagar didn't have the foggiest idea what to state to him however she knew precisely what she would have never really, hold him firmly and embrace him for perhaps the last time in her life, yet then she is embarrassed about doing as such. Hagar, indeed, is aloof to individuals she is nearest to, even her own child. In any case, I would not like to humiliate the two of us, nor have him think Id have lost my mind. While I was faltering, he talked first. Pg. 129 Hagar is humiliated of embracing her own child, as she says she doesn't need him to believe that she would have lost her mind, which, for her, was the all out unfeeling, determination and monotonuesness. Hagar even delays to converse with him, she is completely lost with the sentiment of instability about herself, her life and the manner in which she lived it. Those four episodes show how disastrous Hagar was in her lost life, her own reality made without anyone else with her determination and her dad, penetrating into her head that demonstrating feelings to anybody is the most fragile activity. Hagar, ninty years old, doesn't have a clue what feelings are, doesn't have the foggiest idea what love is or even feels like. You call that affection. Woman, if that wasnt, what is? I dont know. I just dont know, Im sure. Pg. 228

Interagency disaster management Essay

Presentation: A debacle can be characterized as a genuine disturbance of the working of a general public, causing boundless human, material, or natural misfortunes which surpass the capacity of influenced society to duplicate utilizing just its own assets. Debacles are regularly characterized by their speed of beginning (unexpected or moderate), or as indicated by their motivation (characteristic or man-made). Ongoing catastrophes like Hurricane Katrina have uncovered the powerlessness of the country in the midst of fiasco and this has lead to conversations on calamity the board. Cataclysmic events, for example, tropical storms, quakes, tornadoes, floods, ice storms, extreme climate, and out of control fires can strike whenever. They can work over days or weeks, or strike out of nowhere all of a sudden. Since the beginning, individuals in different pieces of the world have endured because of the flightiness of cataclysmic events. A few catastrophes can be anticipated, for example, floods in valleys, dry seasons in zones of low precipitation and oil slicks in transportation paths. There can likewise be artificial eccentric fiascos, for example, bioterrorism that includes the utilization of concoction, natural and atomic weapons. Fiasco Management: Disasters are unavoidable yet the damaging effect of fiascos can be considerably diminished by satisfactory planning, early admonition, and quick, definitive reactions. Debacle Management envelops all parts of anticipating and reacting to catastrophes. It applies to the board of the two dangers and outcomes of calamities. Notwithstanding, calamities should be proclaimed to make sure about the arrival of government assets for mediation. Government through its different offices assumes a tremendous job in such anticipation and relief. This is done through enactment, through asset assignment and through discerning arranging and practical turn of events. State and neighborhood governments are nearest to those influenced by cataclysmic events, and have consistently been the lead accordingly and recuperation. The national government acts in a supporting job, giving help, calculated help, and certain provisions. Neighborhood government is answerable for accommodating the wellbeing and security of residents ahead of time of a storm. That implies they are responsible for creating crisis plans, deciding clearing courses, giving open transportation to the individuals who can’t self-empty, and setting up and loading neighborhood covers with alleviation supplies. State government is answerable for preparing the National Guard, pre-situating certain advantages and supplies, and setting up the state’s crisis the executives capacities. They are likewise responsible for mentioning government support however the conventional calamity announcement process. National government is liable for meeting those solicitations from the state †previously, during and after the fiasco. This incorporates offering strategic help for search and salvage, giving food, water and ice, setting up catastrophe focuses and preparing government fiasco guarantees, and taking an interest in short and long haul open works ventures, for example, garbage expulsion and framework reconstructing. National Response Plan: The National Response Plan, distributed on May 25, 2006, by the DHS, gives an all-dangers way to deal with improve the capacity of the country to oversee local catastrophes. The arrangement incorporates best practices and systems from occurrence the executives disciplinesâ€homeland security, crisis the board, law implementation, firefighting, open works, general wellbeing, responder and recuperation laborer wellbeing and security, crisis clinical administrations, and the private segment and coordinates them into a brought together structure. It frames the premise of how the central government facilitates with state, neighborhood, and ancestral governments and the private segment during episodes. The National Response Plan means to spare lives and ensure the wellbeing and security of people in general, responders, and recuperation laborers and along these lines guarantee security of the country. The National Response Plan builds up a far reaching all-risks way to deal with upgrade the capacity of the United States to oversee residential episodes. It frames the premise of how administrative divisions and organizations will cooperate and how the government will arrange with state, neighborhood, and inborn governments and the private part during episodes. It builds up conventions to help shield the country from fear based oppressor assaults and other regular and synthetic perils; spare lives; secure general wellbeing, security, property, and the earth; and lessens unfavorable mental outcomes and interruptions to non military personnel life. The Plan distinguishes police, fire, general wellbeing and clinical, crisis the executives, and other work force as liable for episode the board at the neighborhood level. The Plan empowers occurrence reaction to be taken care of at the most reduced conceivable authoritative and jurisdictional level. The Plan guarantees the consistent incorporation of the government when an episode surpasses nearby or state abilities. There are some new Coordinating Features in the National Response Plan, for example, †¢ Homeland Security Operations Center (HSOC): The HSOC fills in as the essential national level multi-office center for residential situational mindfulness and operational coordination. The HSOC additionally incorporates DHS parts, for example, the National Infrastructure Coordinating Center (NICC), which has essential obligation regarding planning interchanges with the Nation’s basic framework during an occurrence. †¢ National Response Coordination Center (NRCC): The NRCC, a practical part of the HSOC, is a multi-organization focus that gives in general government reaction coordination. †¢ Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC): At the local level, the RRCC organizes territorial reaction endeavors and executes nearby government program support until a Joint Field Office is set up. †¢ Interagency Incident Management Group (IIMG): A custom fitted gathering of senior government interagency specialists who give key counsel to the Secretary of Homeland Security during a genuine or potential Incident of National Significance. †¢ Joint Field Office (JFO): A transitory government office set up locally to give an essential issue to organize assets on the side of state, neighborhood, and ancestral specialists. †¢ Principal Federal Official (PFO): A PFO might be assigned by the Secretary of Homeland Security during a potential or genuine Incident of National Significance. While singular government authorities hold their specialists relating to explicit parts of occurrence the executives, the PFO works related to these authorities to facilitate by and large administrative episode the board endeavors. The Department of Homeland Security/Emergency Preparedness and Response (EP&R)/Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), in close coordination with the DHS Office of the Secretary, will keep up the National Response Plan. The Plan will be refreshed to join new Presidential orders, authoritative changes, and procedural changes dependent on exercises gained from practices and real occasions. The Department of Homeland Security: in case of a fear based oppressor assault, cataclysmic event or other huge scope crisis, the Department of Homeland Security will accept essential accountability on March first for guaranteeing that crisis reaction experts are set up for any circumstance. The office is liable for giving a planned, exhaustive government reaction to any enormous scope emergency and mounting a quick and successful recuperation exertion. As per the Homeland Security Act of 2002 the strategic the Department of Homeland security is to forestall fear monger assaults inside the United States; diminish the powerlessness of the United States to psychological warfare; and limit the harm, and aid the recuperation, from fear based oppressor assaults that do happen inside the United States. Biohazards: Biohazards are organic operators or substances that present or may introduce a risk to the wellbeing or prosperity of the specialist or the network. Organic operators and substances incorporate irresistible and parasitic specialists, noninfectious microorganisms, for example, a few growths, yeast, green growth, plants and plant items, and creatures and creature items that cause word related infection. For the most part, biohazards are either irresistible microorganisms, harmful natural substances, organic allergens or any blend of the abovementioned. Today, biohazards ar additionally utilized as weapons of mass pulverization in the hands of psychological militants †the utilization of Bacillus anthracis infection to spread sickness, passing, dread and frenzy among the general population is an a valid example. Thusly, biohazards not just go under the domain of the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) yet in addition under Department of Homeland Security.

Five Translation Tools That Will Help You Understand Most Languages

Five Translation Tools That Will Help You Understand Most Languages There are several key translation tools out there you can use when hiring a professional translator or interpreter is not feasible. Keep in mind, however, that even though machine translators are on the rise, none of them are fully adequate replacements for human professionals. Searching the internet will also provide plenty of stories about why relying on machine translators for business can be a costly mistake. But, if you simply want the gist of whats written in that one tweet or news article, then you have a few options and this post will detail some of the most popular ones.Google TranslateOriginally launched in 2006, Google Translate has over 500 million users translating more than 100 billion words a day. This tool currently supports 103 languages including Arabic, Chichewa, Dutch, English, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Malay, Norwegian, Portuguese… the list goes on.Googles mission statement is to organize the worlds information and make it univer sally accessible and useful, and this initiative is extended to Google Translates features. The browser version provides you with the following options:Textâ€"You can type the text to be translated on your keyboard. The text is translated in real time, meaning that the words are translated as you write them.Detect languageâ€"This feature can recognize the source language if you dont know what it is.Handwritingâ€"You can draw letters or characters with a touchscreen, a tablet, or even a mouse. This is useful for translating symbols and characters from certain languages.Speechâ€"Speak into your microphone and your words are translated in real time.Document supportâ€"You can upload and translate your files.In addition to the above, the app version includes the following features:Conversation Modeâ€"Talk to another person with your microphone and your speech is translated in real time.Camera Modeâ€"You can take pictures with your phones camera, and the text is translated to another lang uage.Instant camera translationâ€"The phones camera can translate visible text in real time. This is very convenient for translating public signs.Offlineâ€"Languages can be translated without an internet connection.Adding to the versatility is the fact that Google Translate is also integrated with other Google services; entire webpages can be translated through Google Search, and Chrome users can translate any page with a mouse click.Its worth noting though that not all features are available for every language, and the translation quality varies drastically between languages. This is because Google Translate originally used a system of statistical machine translation (SMT) which works by detecting patterns in documents translated by human translators and using that data to make intelligent guesses as to what an appropriate translation should be. Basically, like a parrot repeating human speech, SMT takes common wording and applies it to automatic translations. This system inevitably favors the most commonly used languages because it has more data to work with.Recently, Google Translate incorporated a Neural Machine Translation (NMT) system which can actually break down sentences, interpret the context, and rearrange words to match the grammar structure of the target language. This system is also capable of learning over time, producing continually improved results, and the difference hasnt gone unnoticed. The language pairs currently supported by this system (to and from) are English and French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Turkish. Although Google aims to apply NMT to all languages supported by Google Translate, this means that the tool still manages some languages better than others. On the flip side, you have the option to report translation issues to Google, which helps them to improve Google Translate.In short, Google Translate is a very practical and versatile tool undergoing constant improvement, but it isnt without its si gnificant flaws. Your mileage may vary depending on the language pair youre working with, and even NMT doesnt guarantee a perfect translation. Google Translate can be a very handy tool from time to time, but you should always keep its limitations in mind.Microsoft TranslatorMicrosofts answer to Google Translate and arguably its main competitor, this tool was originally launched in 2007. It works very similarly and has support for 60 languages and apps for Windows, Windows Phone, iOS, Android, and Android Wear. The browser version has these features:Textâ€"You can type the text to be translated on your keyboard. The text is translated in real time, meaning the words are translated as you write them. It has a 5000-character limit.Auto-Detectâ€"This feature can recognize the source language if you dont know what it is.Conversationâ€"You can start or join a conversation with another person, with your text or speech being translated in real time.The app version adds the following feature s:Conversation Modeâ€"You can use your microphone to talk with another person, and your dialogue is translated in real time.Photoâ€"You can take pictures with your phones camera, and the text is translated to another language.Offlineâ€"It allows you to download language packs to use the tool without an internet connection.In addition, this tool is integrated with other Microsoft products such as Office, SharePoint, Yammer, Visual Studio, Bing and Skype, which is one advantage it has over Google. Its worth noting though that like Google Translate, not all features are available for every language.Although Microsoft Translator doesnt have nearly as many features and language options as Google Translate, some customer reviews consider it a superior option. Microsoft Translator also seems to favor a more quality over quantity approach; while it doesnt support as many languages as Google Translate, the translation quality and available features are arguably more consistent across the lan guages it does support because Microsoft tries to gather a certain amount of data before a new language is added. Microsoft is also keeping up with the times, having recently incorporated a neural network system to their translation technology. So, while Google may have the lead in this race, be sure to check all the options to see which one works best for you.LingueeLinguee was founded in December 2008 by Gereon Frahling and Leonard Fink, and it was released to the public in April 2009. Linguee stands out from the other options for being less of a machine translation and more of a multilingual dictionary. As a result of the work of 400 translators, lexicographers, and linguists, Linguee has support for 25 languages and 234 language pairs, and it was used by 500 million people in 2015.The main distinction of this translation tool lies in how Linguee operates. Instead of simply giving you a translation for a word or phrase, Linguee also shows examples of the terms being used in conte xt on the web. This is possible because Linguee uses web crawlers to search for bilingual texts and to then feed them to a machine learning algorithm. This tool has access to over 1 billion translations, which can be reviewed for accuracy. A free app is also available for iOS and Android, with audio pronunciations and offline mode.iTranslateAn award-winning app and one of the most popular choices (with 5,000,000 - 10,000,000 installs on Google Play alone), iTranslate combines a dictionary and a machine translator into one app. It supports more than 90 languages and has the following options:Romanizationâ€"iTranslate can convert non-Latin characters into Latin characters. It works with Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Greek, Hindi, Russian, and Thai, among other languages.Voice inputâ€"It can translate speech, saving you the time required to type it out.Voice outputâ€"You can choose between a male and a female voice, as well as a specific dialect for your translation.Dictionariesâ€"iTransl ate includes synonyms and alternate meanings.The Pro version adds the following features:Website translationâ€"A built-in browser can translate websites in real time.Conjugationâ€"The app can conjugate translated verbs.Voice-to-Voice conversationsâ€"Instantly speak another language.Offline modeâ€"It can translate popular language pairs without an internet connection.iTranslate is available on the AppStore, App Watch, Windows, and Google Play.SDL Trados StudioA potential client once asked me if I use Trados. To date, I have never seen much need for sophisticated translation software to do my work, but I looked into it and I see the potential appeal.Vaunted as the worlds leading translation software, SDL Trados has a different function from the other options in this list. Instead of a machine translation, its actually a CAT (computer-assisted translation) tool, designed to support professional translation work. With over 250,000 users, its the most used CAT tool. Some of the most prom inent features include the following:Project managementâ€"It offers a complete workspace for translation, reviewing, and editing, as well as compatibility with hundreds of languages and regional variants.Translation memoryâ€"It builds a database by capturing your translations, allowing you to reutilize recurring sentences in future projects.Terminology managementâ€"It provides the tools to organize a term base for not only words, but also acronyms, synonyms, and abbreviations. This software also allows you to establish rules for their use, promoting consistent and quality translations.Machine translationâ€"It can integrate Language Weaver, SDL BeGlobal, SDL LanguageCloud, and Google Translate.Aside from a consensus that usage of CAT tools increases translation efficiency, there are a number of clients expecting (if not requiring) professionals to use one, as I attested to in my personal experience. Personally, I dont think its mandatory by any means, but if you have a different opin ion, there is a 30-day free trial available to let you decide if its right for you.Other utilitiesKanji Recognizerâ€"This is a very handy tool. Just draw a kanji in a box, and the tool will try to recognize it. Also, it supports simplified Chinese characters.imTranslator Comparison Toolâ€"This extension of imTranslator provides simultaneous translations from PROMT, Google Translate, and Microsoft Translator. It can give you an idea of which one works best for the specific languages youre dealing with.In closingThere are dozens of translation tools out there. I listed and discussed what I believe to be the best ones, but the list barely covers a fraction of whats out there, and there may even be a few options I havent heard of. I cant stress this salient fact enough though: Machine translators can be helpful, but they do not replace human professionals. As Microsoft themselves put it:Automatic machine translation is generally used where the quality-level requirement is not as stringe nt as where human translation is required. Use machine translation where the quantity of content, speed of content creation (such as user-generated content in blogs, forums, etc.), and budget (or lack thereof) make it impossible to use human translation. It caters to a segment of the market for translation needs that, thus far, could not be made economically feasible or could not be made available with a very short turnaround time.MicrosoftAs long as you know what youre getting and the limitations, translation tools take us one step closer to bringing the world together.

Acceptance Of Gay Rights And Gender Roles - 1063 Words

Acceptance is the key to a successful society. Acceptance of gay rights and gender roles are constantly changing. Over time new problems are introduced to the world and new solutions will be developed to solve the problem. The solution, to the problem, will be given through the media. Media is classified as books, newspapers, radio, television, and the Internet. Authors of different media devices try to send a message to society through media. The way individuals interpret the information is based on individuality. The intent of the author is to influence society. In the article â€Å"A Simulation of the Impact of Media on Social Cohesion† explains the different behaviors and attitudes media can influence, â€Å"Time spent watching television influences pro-social and anti-social behavior, racial and gender attitudes and ideas about appropriate sex roles by providing compelling messages for children about social approval for roles of males and females of all ages† (Stoc ker, Cornforth, and Green 349). When trying to understand the message of media one should ask what is the author’s intent of producing the media? Society has to influence media in order for media to influence society. Both sides influence each other but media-influencing society is a stronger side. Granted the media needs to have a topic to talk about to have media. Events can range from entertainment, community events, sports, weather, and politics. The Amish live a strict, simple, conservative, andShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Sex Controversy1343 Words   |  6 PagesSomeone who is gay is a man who is attracted to other men. Lesbians are women attracted to other women. Someone who is straight is anyone attracted to the opposite sex. Seeing a gay or lesbian couple is becoming as normal as seeing a straight couple. Straight couples used to be the most typical type of couple, and this used to be viewed as the only normal type of couple, however now it’s not uncommon to see couples of the same gender. Couples of the same gender have different roles compared to couplesRead MoreA Case Study On Homosexuality1303 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study Project: Assignment 1 For my case study, I have been assigned with a young adult male college student who over the Thanksgiving break came out as gay to his disapproving parents who had decided to kick him out of their house and forbid to help him pay for school. He is in between a rock and a hard place because he currently works twenty hours a week but is already behind on his current payments., Iif he doesn’t pay those bills soon he will be unable to register for his next semester classesRead MoreGender Equality : A Fundamental Principle Of International Human Rights1229 Words   |  5 PagesGender equality is a basic human right. Yet millions of women around the world continue to experience discrimination. Some laws prohibit women to access housing, land, and property. â€Å"Economic and social discrimination results in fewer and poorer life choices for women, rendering them vulnerable to trafficking† (Women’s Human Rights and Gender Equality). 30% of women globally is affected b y gender-based violence. Gender equality is achieved when women and men enjoy the same rights and opportunitiesRead MoreHomosexual Lifestyle Is Extremely Harmful1094 Words   |  5 Pagesallowing gays to fill authoritative positions in society who act as role models for our children? The answer is that it is extremely harmful to our children and society as a whole. If our children have role models who are gay, they will think being gay is something that is acceptable by society. It has become a trend to call it an alternative lifestyle or ones sexual orientation. Others refer to it as a gay lifestyle, according to an article by Farjm Majd, The Homosexual Relationship. Gay activistsRead MoreFeminism Of A Post Feminist Period Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod in which gender is no longer a major barrier to equity. The paper will utilise feminism theory through use of article to create an argument to support this debate. It will also incorporate some compelling case justifying the researcher’s position. †¢ Identification of the issue (background information) Post Feminism simply can be referred to as the way of moving to the next step after feminism which is an absolute need for equality of man and woman that based on gender equality. ExampleRead MoreMasculinity, Gender, And Masculinity1617 Words   |  7 Pages2014, twenty-four-year-old football player, Michael Sam, was the first openly gay man to be drafted into the NFL. The country rejoiced at the fact that not all gay men were â€Å"sissies†. The feminine man stereotype is perceived as bad and negative; yet, most gay men have most likely had at least one â€Å"feminine† experience. However, no one knows why, exactly, that is. Why is it that there is a very evident stereotype that all gay men, do traditionally feminine things? Even more so, why is that stereotypeRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gender Identity1719 Words   |  7 Pagesrespect and external acceptance for all individuals sense of identity. For example, in 2015 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Same Sex Mar riages, marking a pivotal point in the civil rights movement for the LGBTQ community. For many, this act helped to support their sense of self, a right that been denied for so long. The United States effectively validated the LGBTQ community, giving this group all rights granted to all other citizen’s, However, the creation and acceptance of this community hasRead MoreThe Legalizaiton of Gay Marriage Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pages  The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. Yet, same-sex marriage continues to be a highly debated issue that leaves our society searching for answers. Now that the Supreme Court has made same-sex marriage legal, we will observe the impact upon parents, children, same sex couples, families, and the social and political world. The arguments surrounding the issue though confrontational nonetheless are easily seen from a wide arrayRead MoreA Study On The Queer Community1000 Words   |  4 Pages8 million people (3.5% of the adult population) in the United States that identify within the LGBTQA+ spectrum and these people have been fighting for their rights for too long. The Gay Rights Movement dates back to the 19th century. Some supporters of the movement would say that the society as a whole has made great strides towards acceptance of homosexuality, for example, legalization of same-sex marriage across the entire country on June 26, 2015. However, those in the community are still fightingRead MoreAn American Childhood By Annie Dillard1392 Words   |  6 Pagesconservative view of distinct gender roles to the prevailing situation where men and women have equal rights. The most notable change from the traditional to the modern values of the family has been the issue of gay marriages. Whereas it was a taboo for gay couples to declare their relationship status openly in public, today the situation is different as is evident with the two texts under discussions. The story titled An American Childhood by Annie Dillard depicts gender roles in the 1950s America while

Summary Of Dracula By Bram Stoker - 1037 Words

Don’t Deny Yourself Andy Feng Dracula by Bram Stoker is a horror story about a hero’s quest to rid the world of vampires from the Victorian era. Readers are horrified by his graphic descriptions and horrifying struggles. However, Dracula is much more than just a vampire fantasy; in this novel, Bram Stoker explores the unconscious sexual desires repressed during the Victorian era and the controversy surrounding sexuality. Jonathan is exposed to his unconscious sexual feelings during his meeting with the three vampire women. Upon the three vampire women’s entrance, Jonathan is immediately entranced and develops a longing for them. Jonathan notices that â€Å"All three had brilliant white teeth, that shone like pearls against the ruby of their†¦show more content†¦The girl went on her knees, and bent over me, simply gloating. There was a deliberate voluptuousness which was both thrilling and repulsive, and as she arched her neck she actually licked her lips like an animal, till I could see in the moonlight the moisture shining on the scarlet lips and on the red tongue as it lapped the white sharp teeth. I closed my eyes in languorous ecstasy and waited, waited with beating heart.†(25). Jonathan makes an ultimate attempt to remain chaste himself, yet his unconscious desires are so great he is able to penetrate through his defense, in this case his eyelashes. By using the word †Å"afraid† he shows that he is no longer in control. Also, by comparing the vampire women to animals, Jonathan is alluding that the women and his desires for them are raw, wild, and uncensored. â€Å"Ecstasy† demonstrates Jonathan’s inability to control himself, almost as if he is dreaming. He waits in hope that the women will have sex with him. Jonathan is completely dominated by his previously unconscious desires for sex, and simply anticipates the three vampire women’s next move. Jonathan’s desire for sex is finally realized as he meets he three sexual vampire women. Mina’s unconscious sexual wishes are expressed in her interactions with Dracula through an exchange of blood, which is a symbolic representation for sexual intercourse and semen. When Dracula forcibly

The Halfling’s Gem Prelude Free Essays

The wizard looked down upon the young woman with uncertainty. Her back was to him; he could see the thick mane of her auburn locks flowing around her shoulders, rich and vibrant. But the wizard knew, too, the sadness that was in her eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Halfling’s Gem Prelude or any similar topic only for you Order Now So young she was, barely more than a child, and so beautifully innocent. Yet this beautiful child had put a sword through the heart of his beloved Sydney. Harkle Harpell brushed away the unwanted memories of his dead love and started down the hill. â€Å"A fine day,† he said cheerily when he reached the young woman. â€Å"Do ye think they’ve made the tower?† Catti-brie asked him, her gaze never leaving the southern horizon. Harkle shrugged. â€Å"Soon, if not yet.† He studied Catti-brie and could find no anger against her for her actions. She had killed Sydney, it was true, but Harkle knew just by looking at her that necessity, not malice, had guided her sword arm. And now he could only pity her. â€Å"How are you?† Harkle stammered, amazed at the courage she had shown in light of the terrible events that had befallen her and her friends. Catti-brie nodded and turned to the wizard. Surely there was sorrow edging her deep blue eyes, but mostly they burned with a stubborn resolve that chased away any hints of weakness. She had lost Bruenor, the dwarf who had adopted her and had reared her as his own since the earliest days of her childhood. And Catti-brie’s other friends even now were caught in the middle of a desperate chase with an assassin across the southland. â€Å"How quickly things have changed,† Harkle whispered under his breath, feeling sympathy for the young woman. He remembered a time, just a few weeks earlier, when Bruenor Battlehammer and his small company had come through Longsaddle in their quest to find Mithril Hall, the dwarf’s lost homeland. That had been a jovial meeting of tales exchanged and promises of future friendships with the Harpell clan. None of them could have known that a second party, led by an evil assassin, and by Harkle’s own Sydney, held Catti-brie hostage and was gathering to pursue the company. Bruenor had found Mithril Hall, and had fallen there. And Sydney, the female mage that Harkle had so dearly loved, had played a part in the dwarf’s death. Harkle took a deep breath to steady himself. â€Å"Bruenor will be avenged,† he said with a grimace. Catti-brie kissed him on the cheek and started back up the hill toward the Ivy Mansion. She understood the wizard’s sincere pain, and she truly admired his decision to help her fulfill her vow to return to Mithril Hall and reclaim it for Clan Battlehammer. But for Harkle, there had been no other choice. The Sydney that he had loved was a facade, a sugar coating to a power-crazed, unfeeling monster. And he himself had played a part in the disaster, unwittingly revealing to Sydney the whereabouts of Bruenor’s party. Harkle watched Catti-brie go, the weight of troubles slowing her stride. He could harbor no resentment toward her – Sydney had brought about the circumstances of her own death, and Catti-brie had no choice but to play them out. The wizard turned his gaze southward. He, too, wondered and worried for the drow elf and the huge barbarian lad. They had slumped back into Longsaddle just three days before, a sorrow-filled and weary band in desperate need of rest. There could be no rest, though, not now, for the wicked assassin had escaped with the last of their group, Regis the halfling, in tow. So much had happened in those few weeks; Harkle’s entire world had been turned upside down by an odd mixture of heroes from a distant, forlorn land called Icewind Dale, and by a beautiful young woman who could not be blamed. And by the lie that was his deepest love. Harkle fell back on the grass and watched the puffy clouds of late summer meander across the sky. * * * Beyond the clouds, where the stars shone eternally, Guenhwyvar, the entity of the panther, paced excitedly. Many days had passed since the cat’s master, the drow elf named Drizzt Do’Urden, had summoned it to the material plane. Guenhwyvar was sensitive to the onyx figurine that served as a link to its master and that other world; the panther could sense the tingle from that far-off place even when its master merely touched the statuette. But Guenhwyvar hadn’t felt that link to Drizzt in some time, and the cat was nervous now, somehow understanding in its otherworldly intelligence that the drow no longer possessed the figurine. Guenhwyvar remembered the time before Drizzt, when another drow, an evil drow, had been its master. Though in essence an animal, Guenhwyvar possessed dignity, a quality that its original master had stolen away. Guenhwyvar remembered those times when it had been forced to perform cruel, cowardly acts against helpless foes for the sake of its master’s pleasure. But things had been very different since Drizzt Do’Urden came to possess the figurine. Here was a being of conscience and integrity, and an honest bond of love had developed between Guenhwyvar and Drizzt. The cat slumped against a star-trimmed tree and issued a low growl that observers to this astral spectacle might have taken as a resigned sigh. Deeper still would the cat’s sigh have been if it knew that Artemis Entreri, the killer, now possessed the figurine. How to cite The Halfling’s Gem Prelude, Essay examples

Effect of Global Financial Crisis System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Global Financial Crisis. Answer: Introduction The current global scenario is witnessing the extensive impact of globalization in every sector. Positive implications of the globalization are known to all while majority of the negative implications are being overlooked. Emergence of the global financial crisis is one of the most well known negative implications of globalization (De Nicolo Juvenal, 2014). There are various global financial crises being emerged in the recent time with the 2008 American crisis is one of the major and infamous one. There are various opinions being given by different authors regarding the causes, output, and result of the global financial crisis. Moreover, the global response towards the financial crisis is also different and diverse in nature management. This report will discuss about the causes and reasons of emergence of the global financial crisis along with the result and implications of it. Moreover, the response towards it will also be discussed and critically evaluated in this essay. One of the key reasons of the global financial crisis is the origination of the liquidity crisis among the top banking institutions in the United States. This was first in the 2007 and it caused due to the fact the prior to 2007, American banks have provided huge amount of loans in the market, which further made the way to the creation of the new money in the system. In the late 2007, investors withdrew their investments from the market, which forced US Federal bank to increase the flow of capital in the system (Haas Lelyveld, 2014). The situation further worsened with the crash in the stock markets around the world. Thus, the source of having new investments goy closed causing the financial crisis. Moreover, with the initiation of the globalization, the economy of one country depends on another. Thus, crashing of the stock market of America caused in the crash of stock markets in some major economies. This amplified the all American situation in to a global phenomenon. Collapse of the American real estate market Another important reason for the occurrence of the global financial crisis is the bursting of the bubble of the housing market in the United States. Post investigation of the global financial crisis revealed that people are being given huge housing loans by the America banks extensively. At some point of time, it was concluded that the borrowers are unable to repay the loans. This led the banks to take the mortgage of the properties. However, the mass occurrence of the defaulting loans caused the entire collapse of the housing market, which made difficult for the banks to recover the value from the properties (Walks, 2014). Thus, the banks went in to cash crunch and liquidity crisis. This situation also triggered the occurrence of the financial crisis in the American market and then in the global scenario. American banks are having major economical influence in the global economy and they are one of the biggest lenders in the global economy management. Thus, credit crunch with them c aused negative impact in the global economy as well. Another prime cause of emergence of the global financial crisis is the wrong and hypothetical ratings being provided by the top rating agencies such as Standard Poors and Fitch. This is due to the reason that, these agencies had rated the subprime securities for investment, which further attracted more investors. However, it was a wrong speculation from their point of view and proved fatal in the further stage. The huge amount of investments being done on these subprime securities caused the impact of the crisis to get multiplied (Alsakka AP Gwilym, 2013). Thus, wrong ratings and speculations from these leading agencies caused the occurrence of the financial crisis in the global scenario. Impact of the global financial crisis Global financial crisis is having different impacts on the financial market, society and national economy. The following sections will discuss about those. One of the most suffered areas from the global financial crisis is the national economy of the United States. This is due to the reason that, according to the reports, the growth rate of the economy of the United States declined steeply and costs a holistic loss of USD 648 billion. Thus, this reflected in the per capita income of the average American households. The average income got reduced due to the financial crisis (Chen et al., 2016). As discussed in the earlier section that collapse of the real estate market of the United States is one of the key reasons for the global financial crisis. Thus, the American real estate market got hit hard and caused a loss of USD 3.4 trillion just in one year between 2008 and 2009. This also caused negative impact on the national economy of the country. Stock market of the United States also crashed due to the financial crisis. This was happened due to the reason that, investors were not felt safe to have their investment in the stock market. Instead of that, they started to withdraw their capital from the stock market (Dimitriou, Kenourgios Simos, 2013). It lead to the crash of the American stock market and it was being estimated that a loss of USD 7.4 trillion faced by the stock market. In terms of the social impact of the global financial crisis, it was estimated that the rate of the unemployment in different countries got increased due to the loss of the jobs by the professional. Loss of jobs caused due to the reason that, with having less demand in the market, business organizations were facing challenges to earn their revenue and thus they went for mass attrition in order to reduce the cost of operation. It was estimated that only in the market of the United States alone, 5.5 million jobs were cut. Hence, the social structure got hampered due to the increase in the rate of unemployment (Chang et al., 2013). As per the information of International Labor Organization, approximately 20 million jobs were cut in the global scenario. In terms of the sales and revenue, business organizations operating in the global market faced the difficulties to maintain their global operation. This was due to the reason that, with the increase in the rate of the unemployment and lack of liquidity in the market caused the reduction in the purchasing power of the customers (Bachmann, Elstner Sims, 2013). Thus, customers were also reduced their average consumptions of different products. This phenomenon worked in cyclical manner due to the reason that, the more was the rate of unemployment, the less was the expenditure of the consumers. On the other hand, the less was the expenditure from the consumers, the more was the cost reduction policies of the business organizations such as employee attrition. Global financial crisis also had negative impact on the banking sector also. Banks especially the American banks went for bankruptcy (Claessens Van Horen, 2015). For instance, Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy. The entire banking system got crashed in the process with having less liquidity in the system. The gross domestic production of the United States along with some other major economies got reduced. This was caused due to the reason that, with having less demand in the market, there are various business organizations closed their facilities, which reduced the production rate (Ollivaud Turner, 2015). However, apart from only having the negative implication of the global financial crisis, there are few positive sides also. One of the major positive implications is the reduction in the rate of emission of pollutants. It was estimated that the average rate of emission got reduced (Najam, Runnalls Halle, 2016). This was mainly caused due to the closure of many facilities and stagnant condition of the entire global economy. Global responses to the financial crisis International Monetary Fund went for creating an extra fund in order to lend more to the countries, which were worst affected by the financial crisis. Moreover, the borrowing agreements of International Monetary Fund with its member countries were being increased in order to borrow more amount of fund, which was used in lending to the collapsed economies. Various governments such as government of the United States and Australia introduced financial stimulus in the economy in order to boost the system and to provide financial cushion to the organizations, which are on the verge of bankruptcy (Bordo Haubrich, 2017). In 2008, government of Australia announced as financial package of AUD 10.4 billion to the domestic populations in order to increase their purchasing power and to increase the demand in the market (Xu et al., 2013). Stimulus steps taken by the government of the United States include providing tax credit to the first time buyers of homes. This was done in order to regain the demand in the collapsed housing market. Central banks in different countries increased the rate of the guaranteed savings in the banks for the depositors. This was done in order to motivate people to invest more in the banking sector, which will lead to the increase in the flow of capital in the banking system (Bruno Shin, 2015). Developing countries such as India and China were less impacted from the global financial crisis. However, they have also initiated different monetary and fiscal policies in order to prevent the rate of depreciation of their currency (Bekiros, 2014). Government of India increased the rate of public expenditure in order to maintain the flow of the capital in the system. Moreover, the rate of interest rate for exporters was also slashed in order to increase the rate of exports from the country. Excise duty was also cut by the government in order to increase the demand in the market by reducing the price. Though this caused loss to the government in terms of tax collection, but it helped to maintain the steady demand in the system. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that global financial crisis is one of the major incidents being happened in the recent time and had impact globally. The global impact of the financial crisis was further amplified due to the initiation of the globalization. This caused in increasing in the dependency between the countries. Negative occurrence in one economy badly impacted another economy. This report discussed about the reasons for the occurrence of the financial crisis along with its impact and the responses to counter it. This report also concludes that global banking system was changed drastically after the financial crisis and was made more immune in case of any future mishaps. It is also discussed in this report that, the key reasons of the financial crisis lied in the ineffective policies of the United States. Reference Alsakka, R., Ap Gwilym, O. (2013). Rating agencies signals during the European sovereign debt crisis: Market impact and spillovers. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 85, 144-162. Bachmann, R., Elstner, S., Sims, E. R. (2013). Uncertainty and economic activity: Evidence from business survey data. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 5(2), 217-49. Bekiros, S. D. (2014). Contagion, decoupling and the spillover effects of the US financial crisis: Evidence from the BRIC markets. International Review of Financial Analysis, 33, 58-69. Bordo, M. D., Haubrich, J. G. (2017). Deep recessions, fast recoveries, and financial crises: Evidence from the American record. Economic Inquiry, 55(1), 527-541. Bruno, V., Shin, H. S. (2015). Capital flows and the risk-taking channel of monetary policy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 71, 119-132. Chang, S. S., Stuckler, D., Yip, P., Gunnell, D. (2013). Impact of 2008 global economic crisis on suicide: time trend study in 54 countries. Bmj, 347, f5239. Chen, Q., Filardo, A., He, D., Zhu, F. (2016). Financial crisis, US unconventional monetary policy and international spillovers. Journal of International Money and Finance, 67, 62-81. Claessens, S., Van Horen, N. (2015). The impact of the global financial crisis on banking globalization. IMF Economic Review, 63(4), 868-918. De Nicol, G., Juvenal, L. (2014). Financial integration, globalization, and real activity. Journal of financial stability, 10, 65-75. Dimitriou, D., Kenourgios, D., Simos, T. (2013). Global financial crisis and emerging stock market contagion: A multivariate FIAPARCHDCC approach. International Review of Financial Analysis, 30, 46-56. Haas, R., Lelyveld, I. (2014). Multinational banks and the global financial crisis: Weathering the perfect storm?. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 46(s1), 333-364. Najam, A., Runnalls, D., Halle, M. (2016). Environment and Globalization: Five Propositions (2010). The Globalization and Environment Reader, 94. Ollivaud, P., Turner, D. (2015). The effect of the global financial crisis on OECD potential output. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 2014(1), 41-60. Walks, A. (2014). Canada's housing bubble story: Mortgage securitization, the state, and the global financial crisis. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(1), 256-284. Xu, Y., Carson, E., Fargher, N., Jiang, L. (2013). Responses by Australian auditors to the global financial crisis. Accounting Finance, 53(1), 301-338.

Did Abraham Lincoln Free The Slaves Essays - Penology,

Did Abraham Lincoln Free The Slaves? Is capital punishment wrong? In my opinion capital punishment is wrong. The death penalty is the center of much debate in society. This is due, in part, to the fact that people see only the act of killing a criminal, and not the social effects the death penalty has on society as a whole. Upon reading about the death penalty, it was found to be an unethical practice. It promotes a violent and inhumane society in which killing is considered okay. Since there are alternatives, the death penalty should be abolished. Some people believe capital punishment to be cruel and unusual. Others believe that a person who kills, should themselves be killed. This statement alone raises the question, How should they be killed? The question that should really be asked is, Should we kill at all? Would it be morally correct to kill someone just because they have killed someone else? In 1972, capital punishment (in any form) was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States. The decision was reversed in 1976, when new methods of execution were introduced. These new methods included death by lethal injection. Does this mean that it is okay to kill as long as we use a method that is not considered cruel or unusual by society? The death penalty is considered the harshest form of punishment enforced today. Once a jury has convicted a criminal, they go to the second part of the trial, the punishment phase. If the jury recommends the death penalty and the judge agrees that this punishment is deserving of the crime, the criminal will face some form of execution. Contrary to popular belief, the electric chair is not the most common way of executing somebody. Death by lethal injection accounts for the majority of the executions today. Among the arguments employed have been deterrence, cost, retribution, rehabilitation, uncertainty, social defense, and whether or not punishment by death is cruel and unusual. Retribution is a popular term when discussing the death penalty. This is a term which brings both sides of the death penalty argument together. Both the retentionists and the abolitionists agree that the notion of imposing the death penalty because the wrongdoer deserves it leaves an uneasy feeling with lawmakers and community leaders. This creates an image in society where a punishment is based on what a jury feels a criminal deserves as opposed to what is best for society. Retribution plays an important role for the friends and families of murder victims. They want the murderer to lose his/her life just as he/she took the life of someone they loved. Unfortunately, this is not always the best solution. If the crime was committed in the heat of the moment, perhaps due a momentary lapse of insanity, then there i s a likely chance that the criminal can be rehabilitated. Why waste a life? Appeal trials leads to the next issue surrounding the death penalty, uncertainty. Putting a convicted criminal in jail is not a permanent action. They can always be set free if they are later found to be innocent. However, when a convicted criminal is killed, it is very unlikely that they will be able to be brought back if they are later found to be innocent. This bothers the legal community, as well as the families of the accused. When discussing whether or not a punishment fits a given crime, one must look at the punishment's effects not only on the criminal, but also society as a whole. Many studies on the effects of the death penalty have shown that capital punishment creates a false sense of security within a community. People feel better knowing that the death penalty is always an option for a severe crime, whether or not the punishment is actually used. The principles of retribution suggest that a murderer should be executed because he or she deserves or has earned the sentence of death. Those who base their opposition to the death penalty on moral grounds argue that life is sacred and killing is always wrong, whether it is done by an individual or by the state. In addition, people have questioned whether we as individuals

Conjugating the French Verb Penser (to Think)

Conjugating the French Verb Penser (to Think) The French verb  penser  is an important word to know because it means to think. You will use it quite often when you speak French, so its a good idea to study and memorize the verbs conjugations. This lesson will demonstrate how to do that and form the present, past, and future tenses of penser. The Basic Conjugations of  Penser Verb conjugations in French are the equivalent of adding an -ing  ending in English to forms words like thinking. We must first identify the verb stem- for  penser  that is  pens-  - then add the appropriate ending to match the subject pronoun and tense of the subject. French students will be happy to know that  penser  is a  regular -er verb. It follows the most common conjugation pattern found in French. If youve studied similar words like  passer  (to pass) or  demander  (to ask), then this lesson will be easier because it applies the same endings. In the simplest form, this is done in the indicative mood for the present, future, and imperfect past tenses. These are the forms of  penser  that you will use most often, so I am thinking is  je pense  and we will think is  nous penserons. To help you commit these to memory, try using the conjugation in simple sentences. If you need some ideas, there are plenty of common phrases that use  penser. Present Future Imperfect je pense penserai pensais tu penses penseras pensais il pense pensera pensait nous pensons penserons pensions vous pensez penserez pensiez ils pensent penseront pensaient The Present Participle of  Penser The present participle of penser is pensant. Notice how this was formed by simply adding -ant to the verb stem. Penser  in the Past Tense The past tense can of  penser  is expressed with either the imperfect or the  passà © composà ©. To form the latter, you will construct a short phrase using the  auxiliary verb  avoir  and the  past participle  pensà ©. For example, I thought is  jai pensà ©Ã‚  and we thought is  nous avons pensà ©. Look carefully and youll notice that the only conjugation needed was  avoir  in the present tense and that the past participle  pensà ©Ã‚  doesnt change. More Simple Conjugations of  Penser Consider the conjugations above to be your top priority when studying  penser. When youre comfortable with those, add these other simple conjugations to your vocabulary.   Each of these has a specific purpose. For example, the subjunctive expresses uncertainty in the action of thinking while the conditional says that something else must happen in order to think. The other two verb forms- the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive- are used more often in formal French, but they are good to know. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je pense penserais pensai pensasse tu penses penserais pensas pensasses il pense penserait pensa penst nous pensions penserions pensmes pensassions vous pensiez penseriez penstes pensassiez ils pensent penseraient pensrent pensassent You will use the imperative form of  penser  when saying direct and very short commands such as Think! When doing so, theres no need to include the subject pronoun. Simply say Pense ! Imperative (tu) pense (nous) pensons (vous) pensez

The Civil War in Syria Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Civil War in Syria - Coursework Example The current issue or trend to write about is the revolution in Syria that would help bring peace and reduces the mass casualties of innocent citizens due to increased civil war. The audience for my commentary includes but not limited to the course instructor, the students, peer counselors, the institution management team and other nations involved in the civil war at large. 1. Through revolution, a country like Somalia in East Africa has stabilized its government with a reduction in the number of al-Qaeda. Therefore, the revolution in Syria is no exception to a possibility. 2. Syria is one of the most oil productive nation worldwide and with the existence of civil war, it cannot be able to enjoy its absolute and comparative advantages of the other countries in oil production. 3. The political instability of a nation leads to poor economic performance, lack of democracy, the high number of refugees and increased number of civil war that rise number of casualties hence the need for the revolution in Syria. 4. A country in war can be described as a fallen country as people are divided, however, the revolution will help to unite people together. This can be summarized as, â€Å"together we are united, divided we fall.† 5. There is need to have effective rules and regulations governing people and this can only be possible via revolution where the amendment can be made. However, with existence of civil war, this cannot be achievable hence the need for revolution

Analyzing CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS - Essay Example Such a move depends on the degree to which the African Americans in question have been assimilated (32). The assimilation pushes Africans to formulate a public persona different from their real identities. Bamboozled exposes the historical portrayal of African-Americans in the American cinema. The images at the end of the film are a documentary to the satire therein (Black 20). Understanding the film in a better way calls for putting it in its context before the cinema emerged. Race is a social construction because the stereotypes of blacks reflect the perceptions of American whites (Epp 17). The stereotypes relate to the white dominion over Africans as opposed to the realities of the time. The abolition of slavery never put the stereotypes to an end. There emerged a new form of imperialism replacing the â€Å"noble savage† with the â€Å"ignoble savage† (20). Whether savages or children, Africans were in no instance perceived as being on the same level as whites. Despite not being slaves, Africans were still not given statuses similar to the whites. Certain groups such as the Irish and the Jews had to become whites with resultant stereotyping in the 20th century (Laski 1095). These stereotypes were so widespread that the entertainment industry felt it prudent to embrace them. Bamboozled followed this path. Bamboozled has a unique storyline written in a clever way (Ebert 1). Pierre Delacroix (De La) is an African-American television writer. He navigates a minstrel show complete with three-dimensional characters such as Aunt Jemima, Man Tan, and Sleep ‘n’ Eat. The writer’s intention in the beginning was to invoke popular outrage to facilitate his sacking from the television station (Ebert 1). This would relieve him of the obligations that he considers tiresome and boring. Surprisingly, however, De La’s show succeeds massively to the extent that the outrage against it becomes negligible and irrelevant. Alongside the African-American

Medicalization for understanding shifting ideas about health and illness

Medicalization for understanding shifting ideas about health and illness Medicalization is term for the erroneous tendency by society-often perpetuated by health professionals to view effects of socioeconomic disadvantage as purely medical issues. It is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as  medical conditions  and problems, and thus come under the authority of doctors and other  health professionals  to study,  diagnose,  prevent  or  treat. The process of medicalization can be driven by new evidence or theories about conditions, or by developments in social attitudes or economic considerations, or by the development of new purported  treatments. Medicalization is often claimed to bring benefits, but also costs, which may not always be clear. Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power of  professions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of  health  and  illness. Once a condition is classed as medical, a medical  tends to be used rather than a  social model. Medicalization may also be termed pathologization (from  pathology), or in some cases  disease mongering. The concept of medicalization has educated the sociology of health and illness for many years now. Typically, it has been deliberated and examined with critical nuance, though some key thinkers within the discipline have suggested that it is not unequivocally negative. Conrad criticised and disputed that the development and growth of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name of liberation (Conrad 1973). Medicalization describes a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness or disorders (Gabe et al. 2004:59) and likewise be simply classified as a procedure of increased medical intervention into areas which would more often than not be outside of the medical province. The term  medicalization  entered academic and medical publications in the 1970s, for example in the works of figures such as Peter Conrad  and  Thomas Szasz. They argued that the expansion of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name of  liberation. This critique was embodied in now-classic works such as Conrads The discovery of hyperkinesis: notes on medicalization of deviance, published in 1973 (hyperkinesis  was the term then used to describe what we might now call  ADHD). Medicalization explains a situation which had been previously explained in a moral, religious or social terms now become defined as the subject of medical and scientific knowledge. Many years ago for example some children were deemed and regarded as problematic, misbehaving and unruly. Some adults were shy and men who were balding just wore hats to hide it. And that was that. Nevertheless, nowadays all these descriptions could and possibly would be attributed to a type of illness or disease and be given a diagnosis or medicine to treat it in some cases. Medicalization explains this. Likewise, medicalization has been applied to a whole variety of problems that have come to be defined as medial, ranging from childbirth and the menopause through to alcoholism and homosexuality (Gabe et al. 2006: 59). Furthermore, the term explains the process in where particular characteristics of every day life become medically explained, thus come under the authority of doctors and other  health professionals to study,  diagnose,  prevent  and or  treat the problem. Originally, the concept of medicalisation was strongly associated with medical dominance, involving the extension of medicines jurisdiction over erstwhile normal life events and experiences. More recently, however, this view of a docile lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. Thus, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalisation. Such participation, however, can be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. The emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medicalisation occurs. In this paper, we describe how the concept of m edicalisation is presented in the literature, outlining different accounts of agency that shape the process. We suggest that some earlier accounts of medicalisation over-emphasized the medical professions imperialistic tendencies and often underplayed the benefits of medicine. With consideration of the social context in which medicalisation, or its converse, arises, we argue that medicalisation is a much more complex, ambiguous, and contested process than the medicalisation thesis of the 1970s implied. In particular, as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional, uniform process or as the result of medical dominance alone is clearly insufficient. Indeed, if, as Conrad and Schneider (1992) suggested, medicalisation was linked to the rise of rationalism and science (ie to modernity), and if we are experiencing the passing of modernity, we might expect to see a decrease in medicalisation. The idea of medicalization is perhaps related only indirectly to social constructionanism, in that it does not question the basis of medical knowledge as such, but challenges its application. Nettleton continues and states that is draws attention to the fact that medicine operates as a powerful institution of social control (Nettleton 2006: 25). It does this by claiming expertise in areas in life which previously were not regarded as medical problems or matters. This includes such life stages such as ageing, childbirth, alcohol consumption and childhood behaviour moreover, the availability of new pharmacological treatments and genetic testing intensifies these processesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thus it constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems. (Conrad and Schneider 1990 as cited in Nettleton 2006: 25). Medicalization can occur on three different and particular levels according to Conrad and Schneider (1980). The first was explained as conceptually when a medical vocabulary is used to define a problem. In some instances, doctors do not have to be involved and an example if this is AA. The second was the institutional level, institutionally, when organizations adopt a medical approach to treating a problem in which they specialise and the third was at the level of doctor patient interaction when a problem is defined as a medical and medical treatment occurs (as cited in Gabe et al 2004:59). These examples all involve doctors and their treatments directly, not including alcoholism which has other figures to help people such as the AA. The third level was the interactional level and this was where the problem, social problem, becomes defined as medical and medicalization occurs as part of a doctor-patient interaction. Medicalization shows the shifting ideas about health and illness. Health and illness does not only include such things as influenza or the cold, but deviant behaviours. Deviant behaviours which were once merely described as criminal, immoral or naughty before have now been labelled with medical meanings. Conrad and Schneider five-staged sequential process of medicalizing deviant behaviour. Stage one involves the behaviour itself as being deviant. Chronic drunkenness was regarded merely as highly undesirable, before it was medically labelled as chronic drunkenness. The second stage occurs when the medical conception of a deviant behaviour is announced in a professional medical journey according to Conrad and Schneider. A prominent thinker in the idea of medicalization was Ivan Illich, who studied it profusely and was very influential, in fact being one of the earliest philosophers to use the term medicalization. Illichs appraisal of professional medicine and particularly his use of the term medicalization lead him to become very influential within the discipline and is quoted to have said that Modern medicine is a negation of health. It isnt organized to serve human health, but only itself, as an institution. It makes more people sick than it heals. Illich attributed medicalization to the increasing professionalization and bureaucratization of medical institutions associated with industrialization (Gabe et al 2004: 61). He supposed that due to the development of modern medicine, it created a reliance on medicine and doctors thus taking away peoples ability to look after themselves and engage in self care. In his book Limits to medicine: Medical nemesis (1975) Illich disputed that the medical profession in point of fact harms people in a process known as  iatrogenesis. This can be elucidated as when there is an increase in illness and social problems as a direct result of medical intervention. Illich saw this occurring on three levels. The first was the clinical iatrogenesis. These involved serious  side-effects  which were are often worse than the original condition. The negative effects of the clinical intervention outweighed the positive and it also conveyed the dangers of modern medicine. There were negative side effects of medicine and drugs, which included poisoning people. In addition, infections which could be caught in the hospital such as MRSA and errors caused my medical negligence. The second level was the social iatrogenesis whereby the general public is made submissive and reliant on the medical profession to help them cope with their life in society. Furthermore all suffering is hospitalised and medicine undermines health indirectly because of its impact on social organisation of society. In the process people cease to give birth, for example, be sick or die at home And the third level is cultural iatrogenesis, which can also be referred to as the structural. This is where life processes such as aging and dying become medicalized which in the process creates a society which is not able to deal with natural life process thus becoming a culture of dependence. Moreover, people are dispossessed of their ability to cope with pain or bereavement for example as people rely on medicine and professionals. (Illick 1975) Sociologists such as Ehrenreich and English had argued that womens bodies were being medicalized.  Menstruation  and  pregnancy  had come to be seen as medical problems requiring interventions such as  hysterectomies. Nettleton furthered this notion and discussed this in relation to childbirth. The Medicalization of childbirth is as a result of professional dominance. She stated that the control of pregnancy and childbirth has been taken over by a predominantly male medical profession. Medicine can thus be regarded as patriarchal and exercising an undue social control over womens lives. From conception to the birth of the baby, the women are closely monitored thus medical monitoring and intervention in pregnancy childbirth are now routine processes. Childbirth is classified as a medical problem therefore it becomes conceptualized in terms of clinical safety, and women are encouraged to have their babies in hospitals. This consequently results in women being dependent on medical care. Nevertheless recent studies and evidence have shown that it may actually be safer to have babies at home because there would have been less susceptible to infection and technocological interference (Oakley 1884, as cited in Nettleton 2006: 26) Medicalization combines phenomenological and Marxist approaches of health and illnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in that it considers definitions of illness to be products of social interactions or negotiations which are inherently unequal (Nettleton 2006: 26). Marxism discussed medicalization and linked it with oppression, arguing that medicine can disguise the underlying causes of disease which include poverty and social inequality. In the process they see health as an individual problem, rather than a societys problem. Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power of  professions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of  health and  illness. Once a condition is classed as medical, a  medical model of disability  tends to be used rather than a  social model. It constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems (Nettleton 2006: 26). Medicalization has been referred to as the processes by which social phenomena come to be perceived and treated as illnesses. It is the process in by issues and experiences that have previously been accounted for in religious, moral, or social contexts then become defined as the subject of scientific medical knowledge. The idea itself questions the belief that physical conditions themselves constitute an illness. It argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and. It has been suggested that medicine is seen as being instilled with subjective assumptions of the society in which it developed. Moreover, it argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and, along with the rest of science, is far from achieving the ideals of objectivity and neutrality. The medical thesis has much to recommendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦including the creation of new understanding of the social processes involved in the development and response to medical diagnosis and treatment To understand the level of social power that the medical community exercises through medicalization, Conrad explains that physicians have medicalized social deviance. They accomplish this by claiming the medical basis of matters such as hyperactivity, madness, alcoholism and compulsive gambling [Conrad, p 107]. By  medicalizing  social matters, medical professionals have the power to legitimize negative social behavior, such as the case of suspected killers in judicial courts who claim temporary insanity and are, therefore, exonerated on medical basis [Conrad, p 111]. In extending this concept, the Endocrine Society may have medicalized social deviance in men who reduce their work motivation or become characteristically unpleasant because they are experiencing andropause. In effect, despondency in older men might become an indicator of male menopause rather than a possible indicator of social deviance. Physicians also play a direct and significant role in the medicalization of social experiences. In analyzing the doctor-patient interaction of medicalization, Kaw argues that medical professionals have medicalized racial features by encouraging cosmetic surgery among Asian American women, for example, in order to avoid the stereotypical physical features of small and slanty eyes that are often associated with passivity, dullness and lack of sociability [Kaw, p 75]. Kaw asserts that plastic surgeons use medical terms to problematize the shape of their eyes so as to define it as a medical condition [Kaw, p 81]. Their use of technical terms and expressions should be questioned, especially since the power of such language influences Asian American women to pursue cosmetic surgery, when it is not necessary [Kaw, p 82]. Analogously, the Endocrine Society medicalized testosterone deficiency by defining it as Andropause; this helped perpetuate the notion, among older individuals, that if the y lack sexual drive or sense depression and fatigue, they should seek medical attention because they are experiencing an acute medical condition rather than a stage in the physiological cycle. The role played by the health care structures in medicalizing conditions is enhanced by that of the pharmaceutical industry. In order to achieve implementation of a drug in the market, the medicalization of a problem is critical [Conrad, p 111]. Once a medical definition for male menopause was established, the pharmaceutical company further medicalized the problem by launching strong advertisement campaigns aimed at older men and physicians alike, so as to popularize the drug among the general public and medical community [Groopman, 2002]. In a  Time  magazine advertisement, the industry appealed to the emotions of older men by linking low sex drive to the decline of testosterone levels rather than to a life process [Groopman 2002]. In this manner, the pharmaceutical industries profit based ideology facilitates the medicalization of testosterone deficiency by popularizing conditions that may be exceedingly common among health product consumers. Medicalization also changes patients ideologies of biomedicine and leads them to believe that biomedicine must not only offer cure for illnesses, but also offer life enhancements. Similar to the way that impotence and hair loss was medicalized by promoting drugs like Viagra to enhance sexual performance, and solutions like Rogaine for hair re-growth, male menopause has been medicalized because it causes low sex drive among other general symptoms [Groopman, 2002]. As a consequence, older men will opt to not only seek but demand life enhancements achievable through medicine disregarding the fact that such treatments can be detrimental to health. In fact, Groopman states that known side effect of testosterone therapy include abnormal enlargement of the breasts, testicular shrinkage, congestive heart failure and enlargement of the prostate gland [Groopman, 2002]. Medicalizing a problem can be harmful and deadly, yet medical professionals perpetuate this dangerous behavior by medicalizing conditions that patients may seek to treat for their personal wellbeing It is important to realize that medicalization is not merely the result of medical imperialism but rather the interactive process that involves society and the health community; [Conrad, p 115]. It includes patients and doctors alike. Nonetheless, awareness of the mechanisms by which the medical community affects society is important because medicine pertains to all health consumers. Male menopause only serves as one of the many examples of life experiences that have become medicalized by the healthcare community. Concluding this essay, the concept of medicalization started with the medical dominance which involved the increase of medicines influence and labelling over things regarded as normal life events and experiences. However in recent time, this view of a submissive lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. As a consequence, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalization. Furthermore Such participationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. Moreover the emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medical isation occurs (Ballard and Elston 2005). In addition they suggest that as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional or as the result of medical dominance primarily is insufficient.

Marketing Galaxy Essay

The company that I have chosen for the basis for my report is Mars Incorporated. They have been placed the 5th largest privately held company in the United States and had a $30 billion annual sales in 2010. The majority of people think of chocolate when they hear of Mars; however their confectionary products are not the only thing they focus on. They cater for six business segments:- †¢ Petcare †¢ Wrigley †¢ Food †¢ Drink †¢ Symbioscience †¢ Chocolate They are a privately owned company with more than 65,000 Associates who are committed to delivering the best quality in the segments above. Out of the six segments I will be focusing on one ‘Chocolate’. Mars have 4 billion dollar global brands which includes ‘M&Ms’; ‘Snickers’ and also ‘Milky Way’. Chocolate confectionery is very much a part of everyday life in the United Kingdom. The UK is the largest chocolate consumer in the world with an annual average per capita consumption of 11.5 kg followed by Liechtenstein with 10.9 kg. The reason why I have chosen this company is because they have a strong background when it comes to chocolate and three of their products ‘Galaxy, Mars Bar and also Bounty’ have been listed in the Top Ten Chocolate bar of all time. One of the products that Mars Incorporated that interest me is ‘Galaxy’ which is extremely popular in the United Kingdom; Middle East and in Africa. Galaxy is also known as Dove in many parts of the world such as United States; Germany; Malaysia and Greece. Nevertheless, the chocolate used in Dove products is a different taste from the chocolate used in Galaxy. Galaxy has 11 different products such as Galaxy Ripple; Galaxy Cookie Crumble; Galaxy Counters. As we know Galaxy has many different spin offs, which gave me an idea for a new product. â€Å"Galaxy Smooth White†. Galaxy believes that the indulgence about chocolate is about the whole experience. It has a luxury yet sensual feel towards it. The majority of white chocolate products is mainly aim at the children market, providing products such Milky Way and Kinder Bueno. There are a few white chocolate products for adults however are on the upper scale such as Divine; Fair-trade and Green & Blacks. When looking into the needs and wants of a ‘Galaxy’ chocolate, customers still want that luxury feel when they take that first bite. (Galaxy calls it ‘Love at first bite’). Customers want a warm feeling inside and for that moment, they don’t want to worry about how many calories they are going to add. Galaxy Smooth white delivers exactly this and more. It provides adults with a white chocolate that is not deemed to be immature or just any chocolate that you would have daily in your lunch box. This chocolate is for lovers of white chocolate or chocolate in general; who enjoy indulging themselves with an experience that allows them to be in their own world where everything is perfect for that moment. 70% of the whole UK confectionery market is accounted for by chocolate, with annual sales of  £3.75bn. White chocolate only accounts for just 1 to 2% of UK chocolate consumption (milk chocolate accounts for 92%). Tony Bilsborough, Head of UK Media Relations (Cadbury) believes that there is a massive growth potential with white chocolate. â€Å"We’ve seen the figures and our competitors have, too,† he says. â€Å"I think you could say that white is the new brown.† According to market research it has shown that white chocolate is famous among the female segment of the United Kingdom population. Women in return have rewarded Galaxy with sales figures that have totalled companies such as Ferrero, Green and Black’s, and Lindt combined. (According to UNS Worldpanel data.) Galaxy’s target market is women between the ages of 25 and 45 however for Galaxy smooth White, I would want to lower the age to 21, as I believe in this generation, women from the age of 21 are deemed to be more mature than they were 10 years ago as they are more independent and becoming more career focused. When looking at segmentation criteria for Galaxy Smooth white, I looked at ‘Demographic’. This segmentation involves dividing the market into different groups based on variables that relate to age, gender, family size, income, occupation, education, lifecycle and generation. This is known to be one of the most popular bases for segmenting consumers groups, mainly as consumers wants are closely linked to such variables as income and age; and there is more data available to assist with Demographic segmentation process. Below are the main demographic segmentation variables for ‘Galaxy Smooth White’: Age/gender As explained above Galaxy Smooth White will be aimed at 21-45 year old women. As facts show that women in the United Kingdom find white chocolate very popular. There are many white chocolate available for children so breaking into that market will be a massive risk, whereas white chocolate aimed at women is a quite small market waiting to be broken. Galaxy is also known to be a chocolate that is soft; sensual and even romantic. So aiming this product towards men will be a big fail. Income When looking at this product, its shows it’s a luxury good. However compared to products such as Green & Black and Divine it is not at that end of the scale. Galaxy Smooth White appeals to consumers of all types of income which makes it different from competitors such as Divine who are aimed at those with a medium to high income. Lifestyle When looking at Galaxy Smooth White the type of women it is aimed at, is those with a hectic lifestyle; so whether it be someone who works all through the week; a mother of four or even a student who constantly in their books. The aim of the chocolate is that when a women needs a moment for herself, Galaxy Smooth White allows her to calm down; allows her to focus on herself; her needs and for that moment nothing else matters. The reason why I chose women between the age of 21 and 45 for the target market is that apart from children they are the main consumers for white chocolate. There is also room for a luxury, sensuous affordable chocolate in the confectionery market. I still want to keep Galaxy’s consumers as a target market as the company has been influencing it consumers to fall in love with Galaxy’s silky taste while also endorsing itself as a symbol of indulgence, femininity, and sensuousness. It is important that Galaxy’s traditional image is reserved as there are many benefits for Galaxy Smooth White to be associated with Galaxy. One brand that may be seemed as competition is Cadbury’s Dream, which is portrayed by them as a ‘white chocolate made with real smooth, melt in your mouth chocolate’. I know that Galaxy Smooth White will be positioned at a higher rank compared to Cadbury’s Dream as I have a more solid knowledge of my target market and Dream did not have a clear clarification of what their target market was. Galaxy has been linked to female-friendly activities such as book and films such as The Devil Wears Prada and Sex and The City. All this relates to Galaxy Smooth White Brand. When marketing Galaxy Smooth White, I need to make sure that I create a successful mix of: †¢ Being the ‘right’ product †¢ Sold at the ‘right’ price †¢ Sold in the ‘right’ place †¢ Using the ‘right’ promotion †¢ Product Galaxy is already a household name and is known for being a chocolate that caters for women. One of their branded names is ‘Why have cotton when you can have silk?’ When looking at what the customers wants from the Galaxy Smooth White, they still want that feeling of having a soft, smooth silk like feeling of white chocolate. Not only does it have to taste right, it has to look perfect. The packaging should be similar to the current Galaxy Smooth Milk however have white/sliver silky foil covers with the same colour background, however the words ‘Galaxy’ written in white. The Galaxy Smooth White should be written in white. We still want to keep the packaging simple as the product is our main focus. Comparing this product to others such as dream, I think the Brand name does put Galaxy Smooth White at an advantage as what we are selling relates to the brand; has been backed up by the brand. So we are in a position where the consumers know what to expect. Price Galaxy bars are now (46g) sold at a retail price of 57p. The larger ones (125g) are sold at  £1.26. When looking at pricing the ‘Price must be right’. In regards to Galaxy Smooth white I will use, Penetration Pricing. The aim of this is to increase the market share of a product. Galaxy Smooth White could you the â€Å"Special Introductory Offer†. Here I am able to set a relatively low initial entry price, lower than the established price to attract new customers. This strategy aims to encourage consumers to switch to the new product because of the lower price which will be  £1 for 125g and 45p for 46g. Although this type of pricing is mostly associated with a marketing objective of increasing market share or sales volume, in the short term profits will result in being lower than if the price was set higher. However long term, there would be profitability of higher market share, so the pricing strategy can often be justified. Place We have to make sure that the Galaxy Smooth White is obtainable in supermarket, online and even local shops. Galaxy Smooth White should be available for consumers as other confectionaries are. So even a vending machine at work should have ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ waiting for the consumer to buy it. Our distribution channel will be Suppliers –wholesalers/companies-Consumers. I also would want to send samples to catalogue companies as a way of introducing the new Galaxy Smooth White. The type of Catalogues I would like to send samples to be â€Å"More† and â€Å"Cosmopolitan as they are magazine that are aimed at women aged 21-45. Promotion The target market does need to be aware of the existence and availability of the product through promotion. To promote Galaxy Smooth White there needs to be a broad range of advertising, through magazine; television and billboards. The best time to promote and launch Galaxy Smooth White would be Christmas as it can relate to the ‘White’ Christmas theme. It also related back to the brand, as many people will be busy buying Christmas presents; students will be busy trying to get all their Christmas assignments done in time and they can relax with a bar of Galaxy Smooth White. The marketing mix should be more than a checklist of the 4P’s as we mist blend together all the elements. The pricing, promotional and distribution strategy of ‘Galaxy Smooth White; must be consistent with the product and target market. Booms and Bitner (1981) suggested another extra 3P’s that are: †¢ People †¢ Physical evidence †¢ Process People looks at all the people whether they be directly or indirectly involved with the product. Process analyses the procedure in which the flow of the activities of which the product is consumed. Lastly, physical evidence is related to the environment in which the product is delivered. People The impact that people have within the market should never be underestimated. This is most obvious when looking at front line sales to customer service staff which will have a direct impact on how your product is perceived. Galaxy as a whole makes sure that the customer services staff are provide high quality services to our consumers. This is why ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ will be distributed in well names supermarket known for their excellent customer service such as ASDA and Tesco. All the elements of the marketing mix will have an impact in regards to Galaxy Smooth White but ‘People’ carries an importance of regarding marketing as an integral part of the way I would do business is clear. Process This part of the mix is about being ‘easy to do business with’. We have all been in situation where we have either become frustrated at call centres that are not able to answer our questions; irritated when you are unable to purchase something in the shop because it is not recognise on their computer and you clearly see it on the shelf. Situations like this make this element important. This element will make sure ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ looks at this from its consumer’s side. We will make sure that the process right and easy. Physical Evidence With tangible goods such as ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ we can offer our consumers the chance to ‘try before you buy’, or at least see, touch or smell the good. This is why in out promotion element I explained by sampling the chocolate in magazine, aimed towards our target market. Through this we will be able to build trust and then a relationship with the consumer and to do this we must provide evidence of the quality that we will be providing as possible. Physical evidence refers to all the tangible, visible touch points that our consumer will come across before they buy. Overall, I do believe that this product will sell well because its new product made from an existing product and Galaxy has a strong name on its own and the products that have been made from Galaxy have all been a success and are still marketable. References New year, new Galaxy – Rainforest Alliance Certifiedâ„ ¢ Cocoa . 2011. New year, new Galaxy – Rainforest Alliance Certifiedâ„ ¢ Cocoa . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.galaxychocolate.co.uk/. [Accessed 29 November 2011]. About Mars | World Famous Company | Mars . 2011. About Mars | World Famous Company | Mars . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mars.com/global/about.aspx. [Accessed 29 November 2011] 7-Ps – Extended Marketing Mix – Booms and Bitner. 2011. 7-Ps – Extended Marketing Mix – Booms and Bitner. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_booms_bitner_7Ps.html. [Accessed 12 December 2011 Nestle Marketing Mix and SWOT . 2011. Nestle Marketing Mix and SWOT . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12163694/Nestle-Marketing-Mix-and-SWOT. [Accessed 12 December 2011]. Health, Beauty, Fashion, Love, Careers and more – MORE Magazine. 2011. Health, Beauty, Fashion, Love, Careers and more – MORE Magazine. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.more.com/. [Accessed 12 December 2011]. How to Develop Your Distribution Channels | Marketing M.O.. 2011. How to Develop Your Distribution Channels | Marketing M.O.. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.marketingmo.com/strategic-planning/how-to-develop-your-distribution-channels/. [Accessed 12 December 2011].